{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:49:23Z","timestamp":1789480163414,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":534,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) indicate that the incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, has increased to 1 in 31 children. Individuals with ASD have a constellation of neurological, behavioral, sensory, feeding, gastrointestinal, and immunological issues. Even though there is some genetic component to the pathogenesis of ASD, accumulation of environmental and pathogenic toxins could contribute to disruption of the gut\u2013blood-barrier (GBB) and blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) via activation of mast cells (MCs) and microglia, resulting in a chronic cycle of gut\u2013brain inflammation. Here we discuss how various environmental, pathogenic, and stress factors can disrupt gut\u2013brain homeostasis to create susceptibility and epigenetic effects that contribute to the development of ASD. We also suggest simple ways to address some of the key pathogenetic processes involved in ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:05:46Z","timestamp":1770897946000},"page":"1768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gut\u2013Brain Inflammation and Disrupted Homeostasis Due to Activation of Mast Cells and Microglia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Pejman","family":"Katiraei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wholistic Kids and Families, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4442-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1598-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theoharis C.","family":"Theoharides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamanna, J., and Meldolesi, J. (2024). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Brain Areas Involved, Neurobiological Mechanisms, Diagnoses and Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042423"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00f3brega, I.d.S., Teles e Silva, A.L., Yokota-Moreno, B.Y., and Serti\u00e9, A.L. (2024). The Importance of Large-Scale Genomic Studies to Unravel Genetic Risk Factors for Autism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115816"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111411","article-title":"Understanding autism: Causes, diagnosis, and advancing therapies","volume":"227","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2174\/0113816128400132250716142203","article-title":"Navigating the Complex Landscape of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenges and Opportunities in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Supports","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1","article-title":"Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022","volume":"74","author":"Shaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa065","article-title":"The Impact of Environmental Chemicals on the Gut Microbiome","volume":"176","author":"Chiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horecka-Lewitowicz, A., Lewitowicz, W., Wawszczak-Kasza, M., Lim, H., and Lewitowicz, P. (2024). Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathogenesis-A Cross-Sectional Literature Review Emphasizing Molecular Aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202409.1776.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kereszturi, E. (2023). Diversity and Classification of Genetic Variations in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316768"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2025-0040","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder genetics; a comprehensive review","volume":"36","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.70013","article-title":"Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"98","author":"Pruitt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-025-09637-1","article-title":"An epigenome-wide association study in the case-control study to explore early development identifies differential DNA methylation near ZFP57 as associated with autistic traits","volume":"17","author":"Howerton","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masini, E., Loi, E., Vega-Benedetti, A.F., Carta, M., Doneddu, G., Fadda, R., and Zavattari, P. (2020). An Overview of the Main Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Factors Involved in Autism Spectrum Disorder Focusing on Synaptic Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218290"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467213999200819145942","article-title":"Mycotoxin Exposure and Autism: A Systematic Review of the Molecular Mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Serkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.4","article-title":"Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Rossignol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2012.14.3\/pchaste","article-title":"Autism risk factors: Genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions","volume":"14","author":"Chaste","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0778-5","article-title":"Emerging evidence for gene mutations driving both brain and gut dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"26","author":"Niesler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854967","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1854967","article-title":"Gene variations in autism spectrum disorder are associated with alteration of gut microbiota, metabolites and cytokines","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Fu, D., Lin, Y., Sun, X., Wang, X., Wu, X., and Zhang, X. (2025). The role of the microbiome on immune homeostasis of the host nervous system. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1609960"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000547746","article-title":"The Role of Gut-Brain Axis in Modulating the Impact of Sterile Inflammation on Neuroimmune Responses in Neurodegenerative Diseases\u2014Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"32","author":"Ling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01739-1","article-title":"Multikingdom and functional gut microbiota markers for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, P., Chi, L., Bodnar, W., Zhang, Z., Gao, B., Bian, X., Stewart, J., Fry, R., and Lu, K. (2020). Gut Microbiome Toxicity: Connecting the Environment and Gut Microbiome-Associated Diseases. Toxics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8010019"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sondergaard, T.E., Fredborg, M., Oppenhagen Christensen, A.-M., Damsgaard, S.K., Kramer, N.F., Giese, H., and S\u00f8rensen, J.L. (2016). Fast Screening of Antibacterial Compounds from Fusaria. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120355"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liew, W.P., and Mohd-Redzwan, S. (2018). Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00060"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerre, P. (2020). Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120769"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33395-6","article-title":"Gut microbiome dysbiosis in antibiotic-treated COVID-19 patients is associated with microbial translocation and bacteremia","volume":"13","author":"Venzon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105604","article-title":"Air pollution exposure is associated with the gut microbiome as revealed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing","volume":"138","author":"Fouladi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.130","article-title":"Inhalational exposure to particulate matter air pollution alters the composition of the gut microbiome","volume":"240","author":"Mutlu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000518498","article-title":"Impact of Delivery Mode on Infant Gut Microbiota","volume":"77","author":"Korpela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12972","article-title":"Association between prenatal antibiotic exposure and autism spectrum disorder among term births: A population-based cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Nitschke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2019.1.20180303","article-title":"Is cesarean section delivery associated with autism spectrum disorder?","volume":"24","author":"Zeidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy162","article-title":"Early childhood antibiotics use and autism spectrum disorders: A population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Hamad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07469-y","article-title":"A body-brain circuit that regulates body inflammatory responses","volume":"630","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-082423-032154","article-title":"Neuroimmune Circuits in Allergic Diseases","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.04.041","article-title":"The Role of Skin-Gut-Lung Microbiome in Allergic Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.07.024","article-title":"Mechanistic and therapeutic advances in immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"156","author":"Garabatos","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mottahedin, A., Ardalan, M., Chumak, T., Riebe, I., Ek, J., and Mallard, C. (2017). Effect of Neuroinflammation on Synaptic Organization and Function in the Developing Brain: Implications for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00190"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aijaz, M., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, S., Afzal, M., and Kothiyal, P. (2025). The gut-brain axis: Role of gut microbiota in neurological disease pathogenesis and pharmacotherapeutics. Naunyn Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04776-7"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-89525-8_6","article-title":"Microbiome: A Key Regulator of Body-Brain Interactions","volume":"1477","author":"Aburto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toader, C., Dobrin, N., Costea, D., Glavan, L.-A., Covache-Busuioc, R.-A., Dumitrascu, D.-I., Bratu, B.-G., Costin, H.-P., and Ciurea, A.V. (2024). Mind, Mood and Microbiota\u2014Gut\u2013Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063340"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446332","DOI":"10.1080\/19420889.2024.2446332","article-title":"The overlooked role of microbiota-gut-brain communication in child psychiatry: A call for integration in early intervention strategies","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2025.2530750","article-title":"Assessing the relationship of gut microbiota with neurological, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders: A narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Batagianni","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102843","article-title":"Gut-brain relationship in dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Impact on stress and immunity","volume":"111","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70593","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70593","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Connection: A New Horizon in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"31","author":"Faysal","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.04.002","article-title":"Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis and Its Effect on Neuropsychiatric Disorders With Suspected Immune Dysregulation","volume":"37","author":"Petra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5985.25.03866-5","article-title":"The microbiota-brain connection in neurological diseases: The ubiquitous short-chain fatty acids","volume":"71","author":"Bertin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00414","article-title":"Implications of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Neurological Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Dalal","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewandowska-Pietruszka, Z., Figlerowicz, M., and Mazur-Melewska, K. (2023). Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316660"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Wu, C., Sun, Z., Lin, Z., Sun, Y., Amjad, N., Majid, M., Basnet, R., and Li, Z. (2025). Gut microbiota remodeling exacerbates neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction via the microbiota-gut-brain axis in prenatal VPA-exposed C57BL\/6 mice offspring. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633680"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320633","article-title":"Understanding neuroimmune interactions in disorders of gut-brain interaction: From functional to immune-mediated disorders","volume":"72","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61544-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota and brain-resident CD4(+) T cells shape behavioral outcomes in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09090-x","article-title":"Intestinal Neuroimmunology and Its Implications in Food Allergy","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0000000000000314","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"100","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact","volume":"35","author":"Kanner","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Paedopsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"541926","article-title":"Association of sensory processing and eating problems in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"2011","author":"Nadon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autism Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2640-690X.jfm-18-2252","article-title":"Feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"1","author":"Cherif","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2020.02.005","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Madra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361321995631","article-title":"Feeding and eating problems in children and adolescents with autism: A scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Baraskewich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Zheng, Y., Gao, Y., and Xu, W. (2022). Dietary Fiber Intake and Gut Microbiota in Human Health. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122507"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, C., Dollive, S., Grunberg, S., Chen, J., Li, H., Wu, G.D., Lewis, J.D., and Bushman, F.D. (2013). Archaea and fungi of the human gut microbiome: Correlations with diet and bacterial residents. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066019"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erlanson-Albertsson, C., and Stenkula, K.G. (2021). The Importance of Food for Endotoxemia and an Inflammatory Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179562"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S85717","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: Links and risks\u2014A possible new overlap syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Wasilewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric. Health Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.3034","article-title":"Association of maternal report of infant and toddler gastrointestinal symptoms with autism: Evidence from a prospective birth cohort","volume":"72","author":"Bresnahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2656","article-title":"Association between autism spectrum disorder and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181dcc4a5","article-title":"Alterations of the intestinal barrier in patients with autism spectrum disorders and in their first-degree relatives","volume":"51","author":"Familiari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01361-0","article-title":"Multi-level analysis of the gut-brain axis shows autism spectrum disorder-associated molecular and microbial profiles","volume":"26","author":"Morton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Han, Y., Dy, A.B.C., and Hagerman, R.J. (2017). The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00120"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003349","article-title":"Fungi: Friend or Foe? A Mycobiome Evaluation in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms","volume":"74","author":"Alookaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yuan, W., Yang, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Xu, D., Sun, X., and Sun, W. (2024). Emerging role of gut microbiota in autoimmune diseases. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1365554"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Sales-Mill\u00e1n, A., Reyes-Ferreira, P., Aguirre-Garrido, J.F., Corral-Guill\u00e9, I., Barrientos-R\u00edos, R., and Vel\u00e1zquez-Arag\u00f3n, J.A. (2024). Comprehensive Analysis of Gut Microbiota Composition and Functional Metabolism in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Neurotypical Children: Implications for Sex-Based Differences and Metabolic Dysregulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126701"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, X., Li, Z., Wang, D., Pu, J., Liu, Y., Gui, S., Zhong, X., Yang, D., Zhou, H., and Tao, W. (2025). Perturbations in gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Front. Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1448478"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewandowska-Pietruszka, Z., Figlerowicz, M., and Mazur-Melewska, K. (2025). Oral Microbiota Composition and Its Association with Gastrointestinal and Developmental Abnormalities in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081822"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia-Buitrago, M., Oliveira-Carvalho, R.D., Cardoso, V., Trivi\u00f1o-Valencia, J., Salamanca-Duque, L.M., Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz, V., Zabaleta, J., Galeano-Vanegas, N.F., and Naranjo-Galvis, C.A. (2025). Metagenomic Characterization of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Microbial Signatures and Modulation by Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Probiotics. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091376"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70085","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70085","article-title":"Gut Pathogens and Cytokine Profiles in Autism: A Multi-Biosample Analysis","volume":"133","author":"Hamad","year":"2025","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70164","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.70164","article-title":"Community Modeling Reveals Disrupted Gut Microbial Secretion in Autism Associated With Redox and Neurometabolic Alterations","volume":"20","author":"Esvap","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flynn, C., Carr, K., Whiteley, P., Nirmalkar, K., Bellinghiere, A., Hahn, J., Liu, H., Arici, H., Hewitson, L., and Devlin, M. (2025). Elevated Microbially-Derived Metabolites in Autism: A Possible Diagnostic Screening Test for a Distinct ASD Phenotype. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7643826\/v1"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36430-z","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, F., Zhang, M., Wei, X., and Chang, J. (2025). Gut microbiota composition and phylogenetic analysis in autism spectrum disorder: A comparative study. Front. Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1609638"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"65","article-title":"[Xipamide in the treatment of moderate arterial hypertension]","volume":"46","author":"Carvalho","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2025.174030","article-title":"Postnatal propionic acid exposure disrupts hippocampal agmatine homeostasis leading to social deficits and cognitive impairment in autism spectrum disorder-like phenotype in rats","volume":"252","author":"Tadas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2023.173630","article-title":"The enteric metabolite, propionic acid, impairs social behavior and increases anxiety in a rodent ASD model: Examining sex differences and the influence of the estrous cycle","volume":"231","author":"Benitah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527320666210806165430","article-title":"Valproic Acid and Propionic Acid Modulated Mechanical Pathways Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder at Prenatal and Neonatal Exposure","volume":"21","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01656-1","article-title":"Microbiota-indole 3-propionic acid-brain axis mediates abnormal synaptic pruning of hippocampal microglia and susceptibility to ASD in IUGR offspring","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchin, S., Calgaro, M., and Savarino, E.V. (2025). Rethinking Short-Chain Fatty Acids: A Closer Look at Propionate in Inflammation, Metabolism, and Mucosal Homeostasis. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151130"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Lee, S., Won, J., Jin, Y., Hong, Y., Hur, T.Y., Kim, J.H., Lee, S.R., and Hong, Y. (2018). Pathophysiological and neurobehavioral characteristics of a propionic acid-mediated autism-like rat model. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192925"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109794","article-title":"Propionic acid induced behavioural effects of relevance to autism spectrum disorder evaluated in the hole board test with rats","volume":"97","author":"Meeking","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45348-z","article-title":"Propionic Acid Induces Gliosis and Neuro-inflammation through Modulation of PTEN\/AKT Pathway in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Abdelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagod, P.P., Abdelli, L.S., and Naser, S.A. (2024). An In Vivo Model of Propionic Acid-Rich Diet-Induced Gliosis and Neuro-Inflammation in Mice (FVB\/N-Tg(GFAPGFP)14Mes\/J): A Potential Link to Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158093"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00626-0","article-title":"Propionic acid induces dendritic spine loss by MAPK\/ERK signaling and dysregulation of autophagic flux","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2024.103624","article-title":"Propionic acid affects the synaptic architecture of rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex","volume":"181","author":"Zhvania","year":"2024","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riviere, A., Selak, M., Lantin, D., Leroy, F., and De Vuyst, L. (2016). Bifidobacteria and Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria: Importance and Strategies for Their Stimulation in the Human Gut. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113870","article-title":"Maternal treatment with sodium butyrate reduces the development of autism-like traits in mice offspring","volume":"156","author":"Cristiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0041523","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00415-23","article-title":"Sodium butyrate facilitates CRHR2 expression to alleviate HPA axis hyperactivity in autism-like rats induced by prenatal lipopolysaccharides through histone deacetylase inhibition","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalkan, A.E., BinMowyna, M.N., Raposo, A., Ahmad, M.F., Ahmed, F., Otayf, A.Y., Carrascosa, C., Saraiva, A., and Karav, S. (2025). Beyond the Gut: Unveiling Butyrate\u2019s Global Health Impact Through Gut Health and Dysbiosis-Related Conditions: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081305"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz, L., Kong, A.X., Zhang, P., Chi, J., Pham, K., Johnson, M., Eno, A., Douglas, I., Mao, Y., and MacDonald, J.W. (2025). Butyrate rescues chlorpyrifos-induced social deficits through inhibition of class I histone deacetylases. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.19.683261"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4496","article-title":"Effects of a propionic acid-based preservative on storage characteristics, nutritive value, and energy content for alfalfa hays packaged in large round bales","volume":"95","author":"Coblentz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002336","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002336","article-title":"Acute effects of the food preservative propionic acid on glucose metabolism in humans","volume":"9","author":"Adler","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2022.2137871","article-title":"Genotoxicity mechanism of food preservative propionic acid in the in vivo Drosophila model: Gut damage, oxidative stress, cellular immune response and DNA damage","volume":"33","author":"Demir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-022-01814-9","article-title":"Valeric acid acts as a novel HDAC3 inhibitor against prostate cancer","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0109-5","article-title":"Urinary metabolomics of young Italian autistic children supports abnormal tryptophan and purine metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Gevi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson-Agramonte, M.d.l.A., Noris Garc\u00eda, E., Fraga Guerra, J., Vega Hurtado, Y., Antonucci, N., Sempr\u00fan-Hern\u00e1ndez, N., Schultz, S., and Siniscalco, D. (2022). Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063033"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e844","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.77","article-title":"Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"6","author":"Theoharides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-46","article-title":"Focal brain inflammation and autism","volume":"10","author":"Theoharides","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.08.003","article-title":"Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome","volume":"25","author":"Ashwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02441-8","article-title":"Molecular profiling of the hippocampus of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"29","author":"Rexrode","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0279","article-title":"Association of Food Allergy and Other Allergic Conditions with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casella, R., Miniello, A., Buta, F., Yacoub, M.-R., Nettis, E., Pioggia, G., and Gangemi, S. (2024). Atopic Dermatitis and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Common Role of Environmental and Clinical Co-Factors in the Onset and Severity of Their Clinical Course. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168936"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.624","article-title":"The microbial origins of food allergy","volume":"147","author":"Rachid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64815","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64815","article-title":"The development of Nanosota-1 as anti-SARS-CoV-2 nanobody drug candidates","volume":"10","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.04.004","article-title":"The apoptotic perspective of autism","volume":"36","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvez-Contreras, A.Y., Zarate-Lopez, D., Torres-Chavez, A.L., and Gonzalez-Perez, O. (2020). Role of Oligodendrocytes and Myelin in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120951"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.17691\/stm2021.13.1.10","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Aberrant Neuroplasticity in Autism Spectrum Disorders (Review)","volume":"13","author":"Anashkina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sovrem. Tekhnologii Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.4\/gzwick","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment in autism spectrum disorder and related conditions","volume":"19","author":"Zwick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.01.003","article-title":"Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"29","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"e44841","article-title":"Correlations Between the Development of Social Anxiety and Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Montaser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier, S.M., Petersen, L., Schendel, D.E., Mattheisen, M., Mortensen, P.B., and Mors, O. (2015). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Longitudinal and Offspring Risk. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141703"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.08.002","article-title":"Unusual fears in children with autism","volume":"7","author":"Mayes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316633566","article-title":"Association between anger rumination and autism symptom severity, depression symptoms, aggression, and general dysregulation in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"21","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.05.002","article-title":"Effect of Stress on Neuroimmune Processes","volume":"42","author":"Theoharides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"18A","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor and the brain-gut motor response to stress","volume":"13","author":"Tache","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1942-7","article-title":"Role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Fukudo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.117549","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulates macromolecular permeability via mast cells in normal human colonic biopsies in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Wallon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.129841","article-title":"Significance of increased human colonic permeability in response to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)","volume":"57","author":"Ferrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305690","article-title":"Psychological stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone increase intestinal permeability in humans by a mast cell-dependent mechanism","volume":"63","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003389","article-title":"Effects of psychological stress on inflammatory bowel disease via affecting the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G457","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00130.2024","article-title":"The effect of corticotropin-release hormone on duodenal permeability and immune activation in healthy volunteers in a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"328","author":"Schol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2741\/2174","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the blood-brain-barrier","volume":"12","author":"Theoharides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.038497","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone and brain mast cells regulate blood-brain-barrier permeability induced by acute stress","volume":"303","author":"Esposito","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90129-F","article-title":"Mast cells: The immune gate to the brain","volume":"46","author":"Theoharides","year":"1990","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0805","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells","volume":"145","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0218-7","article-title":"Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism","volume":"37","author":"Leekam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"188","article-title":"Sensory processing in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Relationship with non-verbal IQ, autism severity and Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder symptomatology","volume":"45\u201346","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.61.2.190","article-title":"Sensory processing in children with and without autism: A comparative study using the short sensory profile","volume":"61","author":"Tomchek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2011.10.012","article-title":"Sensory processing in children with autism spectrum disorders and impact on functioning","volume":"59","author":"Suarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.10.001","article-title":"Sensory neuroimmune interactions at the barrier","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2086-z","article-title":"Keep calm: The intestinal barrier at the interface of peace and war","volume":"10","author":"Thoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: A narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Petito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potrykus, M., Czaja-Stolc, S., Stankiewicz, M., Kaska, \u0141., and Ma\u0142gorzewicz, S. (2021). Intestinal Microbiota as a Contributor to Chronic Inflammation and Its Potential Modifications. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113839"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solanki, R., Karande, A., and Ranganathan, P. (2023). Emerging role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1149618"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.116019","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediated neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders: Current perspectives and challenges","volume":"501","author":"Nayak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.05.016","article-title":"Foxp3(+) T cells regulate immunoglobulin a selection and facilitate diversification of bacterial species responsible for immune homeostasis","volume":"41","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.75","article-title":"Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Jaber, V.R., Pogue, A.I., Sharfman, N.M., Taylor, C., and Lukiw, W.J. (2022). Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) as Potent Neurotoxic Glycolipids in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012671"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candelli, M., Franza, L., Pignataro, G., Ojetti, V., Covino, M., Piccioni, A., Gasbarrini, A., and Franceschi, F. (2021). Interaction between Lipopolysaccharide and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126242"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00737-2","article-title":"Gut-derived low-grade endotoxaemia, atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Violi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.01.033","article-title":"Low-grade endotoxemia in patients with severe autism","volume":"471","author":"Emanuele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00993-9","article-title":"Leaky Gut Plays a Critical Role in the Pathophysiology of Autism in Mice by Activating the Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Toll-Like Receptor 4-Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Pathway","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Yan, J., Feng, D., Ye, S., Yang, T., Wei, H., Li, T., Sun, W., and Chen, J. (2021). Critical Role of TLR4 on the Microglia Activation Induced by Maternal LPS Exposure Leading to ASD-Like Behavior of Offspring. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.634837"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23089","article-title":"Hypoactivity of the central dopaminergic system and autistic-like behavior induced by a single early prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"90","author":"Kirsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000290040","article-title":"Prenatal lipopolysaccharide reduces social behavior in male offspring","volume":"17","author":"Kirsten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.035","article-title":"A rat model of autism induced by a single early prenatal exposure to LPS","volume":"26","author":"Kirsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1564-7","article-title":"The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.009","article-title":"Multiple inflammasome complexes are activated in autistic spectrum disorders","volume":"57","author":"Saresella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, N., Jeltema, D., Duan, Y., and He, Y. (2019). The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogiers, O., Frising, U.C., Kucharikova, S., Jabra-Rizk, M.A., van Loo, G., Van Dijck, P., and Wullaert, A. (2019). Candidalysin Crucially Contributes to Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation by Candida albicans Hyphae. mBio, 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02221-18"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.70.6.977","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4-mediated activation of murine mast cells","volume":"70","author":"McCurdy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Song, X.T., Liu, B., Luan, T.T., Liao, S.L., and Zhao, Z.T. (2021). The Emerging Role of Mast Cells in Response to Fungal Infection. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.688659"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.10.007","article-title":"Commensal bacteria promote migration of mast cells into the intestine","volume":"216","author":"Kunii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2250","article-title":"Protective roles of mast cells against enterobacterial infection are mediated by Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"167","author":"Supajatura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuid, A.N., Jayusman, P.A., Shuid, N., Ismail, J., Kamal Nor, N., and Mohamed, I.N. (2021). Association between Viral Infections and Risk of Autistic Disorder: An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062817"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.016","article-title":"The emergence of inflammatory microglia during gut inflammation is not affected by FFAR2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells or peripheral myeloid cells","volume":"118","author":"Rund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180794","article-title":"Microbiome-microglia connections via the gut-brain axis","volume":"216","author":"Schlachetzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20225","article-title":"Interactive role of the toll-like receptor 4 and reactive oxygen species in LPS-induced microglia activation","volume":"52","author":"Qin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11706","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0730-12.2012","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation and neuroprotection against experimental brain injury is independent of hematogenous TLR4","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1644-8","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces neuroinflammation in microglia by activating the MTOR pathway and downregulating Vps34 to inhibit autophagosome formation","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32798-9","article-title":"LPS induces microglial activation and GABAergic synaptic deficits in the hippocampus accompanied by prolonged cognitive impairment","volume":"13","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15460","article-title":"Potential crosstalk between sonic hedgehog-WNT signaling and neurovascular molecules: Implications for blood-brain barrier integrity in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"159","author":"Gozal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hines, D.J., Choi, H.B., Hines, R.M., Phillips, A.G., and MacVicar, B.A. (2013). Prevention of LPS-induced microglia activation, cytokine production and sickness behavior with TLR4 receptor interfering peptides. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060388"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2011.00824.x","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behaviour evaluated in different models of anxiety and innate fear in rats","volume":"110","author":"Bassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271359","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/271359","article-title":"Systemic immune activation leads to neuroinflammation and sickness behavior in mice","volume":"2013","author":"Biesmans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.08.007","article-title":"The role of immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of autism","volume":"26","author":"Onore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behrens, M., Huwel, S., Galla, H.J., and Humpf, H.U. (2015). Blood-Brain Barrier Effects of the Fusarium Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol, 3 Acetyldeoxynivalenol, and Moniliformin and Their Transfer to the Brain. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143640"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-018-0320-7","article-title":"Gliotoxin penetrates and impairs the integrity of the human blood-brain barrier in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycotoxin. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5213","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12085213","article-title":"Mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced neurotoxicity through oxidative stress-associated pathways","volume":"12","author":"Doi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007074420772","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability","volume":"20","author":"Abbott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112730","article-title":"Effects of ultra-processed foods on the microbiota-gut-brain axis: The bread-and-butter issue","volume":"167","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5020396","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal functions following mycotoxin ingestion: Meta-analysis of published experiments in animals","volume":"5","author":"Grenier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.08.003","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A and the microbiome","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101757","article-title":"Immunoglobulins at the interface of the gut mycobiota and anti-fungal immunity","volume":"67","author":"Doron","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2006.10.001","article-title":"Intestinal IgA synthesis: A primitive form of adaptive immunity that regulates microbial communities in the gut","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12185","article-title":"The role of the adaptive immune system in regulation of gut microbiota","volume":"260","author":"Kato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara-Ram\u00edrez, P., Tamayo-Trujillo, R., Ruiz-Pozo, V.A., Cadena-Ullauri, S., Paz-Cruz, E., and Zambrano, A.K. (2025). Mechanistic Links Between Gut Dysbiosis, Insulin Resistance, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136537"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3852\/15-147","article-title":"The human gut mycobiome: Pitfalls and potentials\u2014A mycologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"107","author":"Suhr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.04.034","article-title":"IL-9 and Mast Cells Are Key Players of Candida albicans Commensalism and Pathogenesis in the Gut","volume":"23","author":"Renga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e969","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00203-8","article-title":"The gut mycobiome in health, disease, and clinical applications in association with the gut bacterial microbiome assembly","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01267-9","article-title":"Candidalysin, a Virulence Factor of Candida albicans, Stimulates Mast Cells by Mediating Cross-Talk Between Signaling Pathways Activated by the Dectin-1 Receptor and MAPKs","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13907","article-title":"The complex role of mast cells in fungal infections","volume":"28","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Zuani, M., Paolicelli, G., Zelante, T., Renga, G., Romani, L., Arzese, A., Pucillo, C.E.M., and Frossi, B. (2018). Mast Cells Respond to Candida albicans Infections and Modulate Macrophages Phagocytosis of the Fungus. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02829"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.023","article-title":"Gut Mycobiota in Immunity and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"331","article-title":"The gut mycobiota: Insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"16","author":"Richard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, R.X.Y., Tay, M.J.Y., Ooi, D.S.Q., Siah, K.T.H., Tham, E.H., Shek, L.P., Meaney, M.J., Broekman, B.F.P., and Loo, E.X.L. (2020). Understanding the Link Between Allergy and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Current Review of Factors and Mechanisms. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.603571"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osredkar, J., Fabjan, T., Kumer, K., Jekovec-Vrhov\u0161ek, M., Giebu\u0142towicz, J., Bobrowska-Korczak, B., Avgu\u0161tin, G., and Godnov, U. (2025). Urinary Uremic Toxin Signatures and the Metabolic Index of Gut Dysfunction (MIGD) in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Stool-Phenotype-Stratified Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.1686.v1"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210059","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0059","article-title":"Oxytocin and microglia in the development of social behaviour","volume":"377","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., Chen, J., and Li, Y. (2023). Microglia and astrocytes underlie neuroinflammation and synaptic susceptibility in autism spectrum disorder. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125428"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05534-y","article-title":"Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity","volume":"613","author":"McNamara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221137762","article-title":"The roles of microglia and astrocytes in myelin phagocytosis in the central nervous system","volume":"43","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X12000014","article-title":"Microglia and neuronal cell death","volume":"7","author":"Cuadros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tay, T.L., Bechade, C., D\u2019Andrea, I., St-Pierre, M.K., Henry, M.S., Roumier, A., and Tremblay, M.E. (2017). Microglia Gone Rogue: Impacts on Psychiatric Disorders across the Lifespan. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00421"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X12000142","article-title":"Evidence of microglial activation in autism and its possible role in brain underconnectivity","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5748","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6748","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, G., Ma, J., Ma, R., Suo, M., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Zeng, Y., and Chen, Y. (2023). Microglia Modulate Neurodevelopment in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417297"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608654","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/608654","article-title":"Microglial dysregulation in psychiatric disease","volume":"2013","author":"Frick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrelli, F., Pucci, L., and Bezzi, P. (2016). Astrocytes and Microglia and Their Potential Link with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00021"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theoharides, T.C., Kavalioti, M., and Tsilioni, I. (2019). Mast Cells, Stress, Fear and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153611"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy635","article-title":"Amygdala and Hypothalamus: Historical Overview with Focus on Aggression","volume":"85","author":"Gouveia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14694","article-title":"Primed for addiction: A critical review of the role of microglia in the neurodevelopmental consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking","volume":"45","author":"Melbourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666221208142151","article-title":"Role of Microglia in Psychostimulant Addiction","volume":"21","author":"Iglesias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Won, E., and Kim, Y.-K. (2020). Neuroinflammation-Associated Alterations of the Brain as Potential Neural Biomarkers in Anxiety Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186546"},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"Luo, Y. (2022, January 7\u201313). The crosstalk between the \u201cinflamed\u201d mind and the \u201cimpulsive\u201d mind: Activation of microglia and impulse control disorders. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science, Oxford, UK."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0784-7","article-title":"In vivo imaging of dopamine D1 receptor and activated microglia in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"26","author":"Yokokura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02901-y","article-title":"Noteworthy perspectives on microglia in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5663","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002884","article-title":"Neurological and psychiatric disorders among autistic adults: A population healthcare record study","volume":"53","author":"Underwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"104024","article-title":"Quinolinic acid: An endogenous neurotoxin with multiple targets","volume":"2013","author":"Pineda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildirim, V., Simsek, S., Cetin, I., and Dokuyucu, R. (2023). Kynurenine, Kynurenic Acid, Quinolinic Acid and Interleukin-6 Levels in the Serum of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59111906"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carthy, E., and Ellender, T. (2021). Histamine, Neuroinflammation and Neurodevelopment: A Review. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.680214"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00869-2","article-title":"Sick for science: Experimental endotoxemia as a translational tool to develop and test new therapies for inflammation-associated depression","volume":"26","author":"Lasselin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0121-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for autism: An evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Modabbernia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Predieri, B., Iughetti, L., Bernasconi, S., and Street, M.E. (2022). Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals\u2019 Effects in Children: What We Know and What We Need to Learn?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911899"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2023.108357","article-title":"Impact of endocrine disruptors from mother\u2019s diet on immuno-hormonal orchestration of brain development and introduction of the virtual human twin tool","volume":"117","author":"Fucic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63549-1","article-title":"Effect of sodium sulfite on mast cell degranulation and oxidant stress","volume":"96","author":"Collaco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02677-7","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide causes behavioral and cognitive impairments in adult mice: Evidence of cortical ad hippocampal dysfunction","volume":"94","author":"Gambarotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44121-7","article-title":"The herbicide glyphosate inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning through activation of pro-inflammatory signaling","volume":"13","author":"Izumi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118855","article-title":"Network toxicology-guided validation of glyphosate\u2019s neurotoxic mechanisms in human: From in silico prediction to experimental proof","volume":"303","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123269","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to heavy metals and the trajectory of autistic traits in childhood","volume":"288","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03551-4","article-title":"Investigating the role of food pollutants in autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive analysis of heavy metals, pesticides, and mycotoxins","volume":"398","author":"Nehzomi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Consortium for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Wirth, D.A., Cropper, M., Axelrad, D.A., Bald, C., Bhatnagar, A., Birnbaum, L.S., Burke, T.A., Chiles, T.C., and Geiser, K. (2025). Manufactured Chemicals and Children\u2019s Health\u2014The Need for New Law. N. Engl. J. Med., 392, 299\u2013305.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2409092"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0047621","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00476-21","article-title":"Quantifying the Impact of Human Leukocyte Antigen on the Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Andeweg","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578194","article-title":"HLA-G*14 bp indel variant in autism spectrum disorder in a population from southern Brazil","volume":"383","author":"Ziliotto","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerini, F.R., Bolognesi, E., Mensi, M.M., Zanette, M., Agliardi, C., Zanzottera, M., Chiappedi, M., Annunziata, S., Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, F., and Cavallini, A. (2024). HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 Association with Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk: A Sex-Related Analysis in Italian ASD Children and Their Siblings. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189879"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, R.J., Azzam, Y.W., Eng, S., Rose, D., and Ashwood, P. (2025). Altered Monocyte Populations and Activation Marker Expression in Children with Autism and Co-Occurring Gastrointestinal Symptoms. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15020207"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524054863915","article-title":"Mast cells at mucosal frontiers","volume":"5","author":"Vliagoftis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.61","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome and the elusive mast cells","volume":"107","author":"Theoharides","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002640","article-title":"Activation of Intestinal Mast Cells Contributes to Gut Damage After Cardiac Arrest in Mice","volume":"65","author":"Dang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidar, L., B\u0103n\u0103rescu, C.F., U\u021ba, C., Zimbru, E.-L., Zimbru, R.-I., T\u00eerziu, A., P\u0103tra\u0219cu, R., \u0218erb, A.-F., Georgescu, M., and Nistor, D. (2025). Beyond the Skin: Exploring the Gut\u2013Skin Axis in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and Other Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13082014"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S550152","article-title":"Beyond the Skin: Exploring the Gut-Skin Axis and Metabolic Pathways in Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, G., Zhao, S., Huang, H., Guan, W., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Zhang, M., Hou, D., Xu, C., and Chai, R. (2025). Integrated gut microbiome and metabolomics analysis reveals microbial-metabolic cross-talk in allergic rhinitis. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1652915"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02272329","article-title":"The effect of intensity and duration of light and of duration of darkness, partly modified by temperature, upon wing-production in aphids","volume":"115","author":"Shull","year":"1929","journal-title":"Wilhelm Roux Arch. F\u00fcr Entwicklungsmechanik Der Org."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, S. (2020). Phenotypic and Functional Diversity of Mast Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113835"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atiakshin, D., Kostin, A., Trotsenko, I., Samoilova, V., Buchwalow, I., and Tiemann, M. (2022). Carboxypeptidase A3\u2014A Key Component of the Protease Phenotype of Mast Cells. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030570"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.07.003","article-title":"Developmental origin and functional specialization of mast cell subsets","volume":"37","author":"Gurish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellman, L., Akula, S., Fu, Z., and Wernersson, S. (2022). Mast Cell and Basophil Granule Proteases\u2014In Vivo Targets and Function. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.918305"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2023.04.006","article-title":"Update on Mast Cell Proteases as Drug Targets","volume":"43","author":"Caughey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.3.233","article-title":"Development, significance, and heterogeneity of mast cells with particular regard to the mast cell-specific proteases chymase and tryptase","volume":"61","author":"Welle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(07)95006-3","article-title":"Mast cell proteases","volume":"95","author":"Pejler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S138","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/150.6_Pt_2.S138","article-title":"Serine proteinases of mast cell and leukocyte granules. A league of their own","volume":"150","author":"Caughey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1998.2560461.x","article-title":"Two distinct forms of human mast cell chymase--differences in affinity for heparin and in distribution in skin, heart, and other tissues","volume":"256","author":"McEuen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"195P","article-title":"Site of ionic binding of sodium and histamine in mast cell granules","volume":"34","author":"Aborg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13008","article-title":"Skin mast cells: Are we missing the forest for the trees?","volume":"25","author":"Theoharides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varricchi, G., Pecoraro, A., Loffredo, S., Poto, R., Rivellese, F., Genovese, A., Marone, G., and Spadaro, G. (2019). Heterogeneity of Human Mast Cells with Respect to MRGPRX2 Receptor Expression and Function. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00299"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.08.011","article-title":"Defining mast cell differentiation and heterogeneity through single-cell transcriptomics analysis","volume":"150","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230570","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230570","article-title":"Landscape of mast cell populations across organs in mice and humans","volume":"220","author":"Tauber","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putro, E., Carnevale, A., Marangio, C., Fulci, V., Paolini, R., and Molfetta, R. (2024). New Insight into Intestinal Mast Cells Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.0537.v1"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103094","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i12.103094","article-title":"scRNA-seq of the intestine reveals the key role of mast cells in early gut dysfunction associated with acute pancreatitis","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.012","article-title":"Human Mast Cell Proteome Reveals Unique Lineage, Putative Functions, and Structural Basis for Cell Ablation","volume":"52","author":"Plum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronnberg, E., Boey, D.Z.H., Ravindran, A., Safholm, J., Orre, A.C., Al-Ameri, M., Adner, M., Dahlen, S.E., Dahlin, J.S., and Nilsson, G. (2021). Immunoprofiling Reveals Novel Mast Cell Receptors and the Continuous Nature of Human Lung Mast Cell Heterogeneity. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.804812"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70052","article-title":"Microenvironment-Driven Mast Cell Plasticity: Insights From Cytokine-Activated Gene Signatures in Skin and Respiratory Diseases","volume":"80","author":"Tontini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13227","article-title":"Skin mast cell phenotypes between two highly divergent cohorts\u2014More pronounced variability within than between groups","volume":"26","author":"Babina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)00403-3","article-title":"New insights on mast cell activation via the high affinity receptor for IgE","volume":"98","author":"Rivera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.04.015","article-title":"Molecular regulation of mast cell activation","volume":"117","author":"Rivera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000193483.89260.a7","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome, mast cells, and tricyclic antidepressants","volume":"25","author":"Theoharides","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.09.007","article-title":"Mast cells as targets of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides","volume":"25","author":"Theoharides","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13288","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology of mast cells: Challenges and controversies","volume":"26","author":"Theoharides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_265","first-page":"579","article-title":"Genitourinary mast cells and survival","volume":"4","author":"Theoharides","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.034","article-title":"Mast cells signal their importance in health and disease","volume":"142","author":"Olivera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.03.036","article-title":"Danger Signals and Inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Theoharides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12629","article-title":"Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation","volume":"282","author":"Redegeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.07.017","article-title":"Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation","volume":"778","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.09.014","article-title":"Effect of IL-33 on de novo synthesized mediators from human mast cells","volume":"143","author":"Theoharides","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Migalovich-Sheikhet, H., Friedman, S., Mankuta, D., and Levi-Schaffer, F. (2012). Novel identified receptors on mast cells. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00238"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14413","article-title":"Mast cells and complement system: Ancient interactions between components of innate immunity","volume":"75","author":"Shafaghat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanase, Y., Takahagi, S., Ozawa, K., and Hide, M. (2021). The Role of Coagulation and Complement Factors for Mast Cell Activation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071759"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.08.025","article-title":"Rupatadine inhibits inflammatory mediator release from human laboratory of allergic diseases 2 cultured mast cells stimulated by platelet-activating factor","volume":"111","author":"Alevizos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83523-8","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor. Evidence for 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators)","volume":"254","author":"Demopoulos","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(94)90363-8","article-title":"Nasal neutrophilia and eosinophilia induced by challenge with platelet activating factor","volume":"93","author":"Tedeschi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000077791","article-title":"Dual signaling and effector pathways mediate human eosinophil activation by platelet-activating factor","volume":"134","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)90182-N","article-title":"The effect of platelet-activating factor on the generation of superoxide anion in human eosinophils and neutrophils","volume":"88","author":"Zoratti","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632015600598","article-title":"Platelet activating factor in allergies","volume":"28","author":"Palgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(92)90104-A","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor enhances interleukin-6 production by alveolar macrophages","volume":"90","author":"Thivierge","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keglowich, L., Baraket, M., Tamm, M., and Borger, P. (2014). Hypoxia exerts dualistic effects on inflammatory and proliferative responses of healthy and asthmatic primary human bronchial smooth muscle cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089875"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0316-9","article-title":"Regulation of platelet-activating factor-mediated interleukin-6 promoter activation by the 48 kDa but not the 45 kDa isoform of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2","volume":"9","author":"Lapointe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb05559.x","article-title":"IL-1 beta and IL-6 stimulate the production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by cultured rabbit synovial cells","volume":"99","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.59.4.569","article-title":"Interleukin-6 stimulates neutrophil production of platelet-activating factor","volume":"59","author":"Biffl","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)10058-8","article-title":"Nerve growth factor: From neurotrophin to neurokine","volume":"19","author":"Skaper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7759","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602210103","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin vascular permeability through a neurotensin-dependent process","volume":"103","author":"Donelan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000803107","article-title":"IL-33 augments substance P-induced VEGF secretion from human mast cells and is increased in psoriatic skin","volume":"107","author":"Theoharides","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9381","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810133115","article-title":"Substance P and IL-33 administered together stimulate a marked secretion of IL-1beta from human mast cells, inhibited by methoxyluteolin","volume":"115","author":"Taracanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.07.036","article-title":"Autocrine hemokinin-1 functions as an endogenous adjuvant for IgE-mediated mast cell inflammatory responses","volume":"135","author":"Sumpter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2293-z","article-title":"Neuropeptide substance P and the immune response","volume":"73","author":"Mashaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20061","article-title":"The role of substance P in inflammatory disease","volume":"201","author":"Goode","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0954-6820.2000.00773.x","article-title":"Substance P: A pioneer amongst neuropeptides","volume":"249","author":"Hokfelt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05826.x","article-title":"Neurokinin-1 receptor: Functional significance in the immune system in reference to selected infections and inflammation","volume":"1217","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601751","article-title":"Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis","volume":"199","author":"Suvas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2021.12.003","article-title":"Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor-X2 and Its Role in Non-immunoglobulin E-Mediated Drug Hypersensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15845","article-title":"MRGPRX2, drug pseudoallergies, inflammatory diseases, mechanisms and distinguishing MRGPRX2- and IgE\/FcepsilonRI-mediated events","volume":"89","author":"Baldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01183-5","article-title":"Mast Cells and Mas-related G Protein-coupled Receptor X2: Itching for Novel Pathophysiological Insights to Clinical Relevance","volume":"25","author":"Castells","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma. Rep."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14022","article-title":"Identification of a mast-cell-specific receptor crucial for pseudo-allergic drug reactions","volume":"519","author":"McNeil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00547","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.547","article-title":"MrgX2 is a promiscuous receptor for basic peptides causing mast cell pseudo-allergic and anaphylactoid reactions","volume":"7","author":"Grimes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15270","article-title":"FcepsilonRI- and MRGPRX2-evoked acute degranulation responses are fully additive in human skin mast cells","volume":"77","author":"Babina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04868.x","article-title":"Implications of cross-talk between tumour necrosis factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling in skeletal muscle","volume":"35","author":"Grounds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-010-0301-6","article-title":"Effects of endogenous substance P expression on degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(01)00314-X","article-title":"Mast cells differentially express and release active high molecular weight neurotrophins","volume":"97","author":"Skaper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524845114","article-title":"SP and IL-33 together markedly enhance TNF synthesis and secretion from human mast cells mediated by the interaction of their receptors","volume":"114","author":"Taracanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-015-0076-5","article-title":"The role of IL-33 and mast cells in allergy and inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Saluja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franke, K., Wang, Z., Zuberbier, T., and Babina, M. (2021). Cytokines Stimulated by IL-33 in Human Skin Mast Cells: Involvement of NF-\u03baB and p38 at Distinct Levels and Potent Co-Operation with Fc\u03b5RI and MRGPRX2. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073580"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2200936","article-title":"Mast cell activation: Beyond histamine and tryptase","volume":"19","author":"Theoharides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2782","article-title":"Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Abraham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1409760","article-title":"Mast Cells, Mastocytosis, and Related Disorders","volume":"373","author":"Theoharides","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovacheva, E., Gevezova, M., Maes, M., and Sarafian, V. (2024). Mast Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder\u2014The Enigma to Be Solved?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052651"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosveld, C.J., Guth, C., Limjunyawong, N., and Pundir, P. (2023). Emerging Role of the Mast Cell\u2013Microbiota Crosstalk in Cutaneous Homeostasis and Immunity. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222624"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70046","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70046","article-title":"Mast Cells: Key Players in Host Defence Against Infection","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16060127","article-title":"Impact of Mast Cell Activation on Neurodegeneration: A Potential Role for Gut\u2013Brain Axis and Helicobacter pylori Infection","volume":"16","author":"Boziki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323830","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human mast cells","volume":"33","author":"Varadaradjalou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427473","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/427473","article-title":"Surface TLR2 and TLR4 expression on mature rat mast cells can be affected by some bacterial components and proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"2011","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12509","article-title":"Differential TLR-induced cytokine production by human mast cells is amplified by FcvarepsilonRI triggering","volume":"45","author":"Suurmond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2021_540","article-title":"Intracellular TLRs of Mast Cells in Innate and Acquired Immunity","volume":"276","author":"Ogawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albert-Bayo, M., Paracuellos, I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Castro, A.M., Rodr\u00edguez-Urrutia, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas, M.J., Alonso-Cotoner, C., Santos, J., and Vicario, M. (2019). Intestinal Mucosal Mast Cells: Key Modulators of Barrier Function and Homeostasis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020135"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandig, H., and Bulfone-Paus, S. (2012). TLR signaling in mast cells: Common and unique features. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00185"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510685103","article-title":"Regulation of allergic airway inflammation through Toll-like receptor 4-mediated modification of mast cell function","volume":"103","author":"Nigo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2012.39.3.209","article-title":"The usefulness of the endonasal incisional approach for the treatment of nasal bone fracture","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.05.004","article-title":"Effects of Mycotoxins on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Immune Processes","volume":"40","author":"Ratnaseelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.6.2840","article-title":"CD28 expression by mouse mast cells is modulated by lipopolysaccharide and outer surface protein A lipoprotein from Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"159","author":"Marietta","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2243-0","article-title":"Interaction of primary mast cells with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto): Role in transmission and dissemination in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"10","author":"Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, J.S., Portales-Cervantes, L., and Leong, E. (2019). Mast Cell Responses to Viruses and Pathogen Products. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174241"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S.T., Wu, M.L., Zhang, H.J., Su, X., and Wang, J.H. (2022). Mast Cell Activation Triggered by Retrovirus Promotes Acute Viral Infection. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.798660"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.016","article-title":"COVID-19 hyperinflammation and post-COVID-19 illness may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Afrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebremeskel, S., Schanin, J., Coyle, K.M., Butuci, M., Luu, T., Brock, E.C., Xu, A., Wong, A., Leung, J., and Korver, W. (2021). Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.650331"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motta Junior, J.D.S., Miggiolaro, A., Nagashima, S., de Paula, C.B.V., Baena, C.P., Scharfstein, J., and de Noronha, L. (2020). Mast Cells in Alveolar Septa of COVID-19 Patients: A Pathogenic Pathway That May Link Interstitial Edema to Immunothrombosis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574862"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00849-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-triggered mast cell rapid degranulation induces alveolar epithelial inflammation and lung injury","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Anderson, D.E., Rathore, A.P.S., O\u2019Neill, A., Mantri, C.K., Saron, W.A.A., Lee, C., Cui, C.W., Kang, A.E.Z., and Foo, R. (2021). Signatures of mast cell activation are associated with severe COVID-19. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.31.21255594"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.11.003","article-title":"Potential association of mast cells with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"126","author":"Theoharides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2022.06.002","article-title":"Different effectiveness of fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in activating rat peritoneal mast cells","volume":"248","author":"Zelechowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caplan, I.F., and Maguire-Zeiss, K.A. (2018). Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling and Current Approaches for Therapeutic Modulation in Synucleinopathies. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00417"},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caputi, V., and Giron, M.C. (2018). Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061689"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azam, S., Jakaria, M., Kim, I.S., Kim, J., Haque, M.E., and Choi, D.K. (2019). Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Signaling Pathway by Polyphenols in the Treatment of Age-Linked Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on TLR4 Signaling. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01000"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e839","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.839","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential","volume":"11","author":"Dabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.007","article-title":"Role of astroglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system infections, injury and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02545-y","article-title":"A survey of the currently known mast cell mediators with potential relevance for therapy of mast cell-induced symptoms","volume":"396","author":"Molderings","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn. Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_340","first-page":"226","article-title":"Mediators of human mast cells and human mast cell subsets","volume":"58","author":"Schwartz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_341","first-page":"2172","article-title":"Histamine storage and release","volume":"33","author":"Uvnas","year":"1974","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3690","article-title":"Mast cell secretory granules: Armed for battle","volume":"14","author":"Wernersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.12.1081","article-title":"Novel insights on the biology and immunologic effects of histamine: A road map for allergists and mast cell biologists","volume":"155","author":"Maurer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2017_18","article-title":"Histamine Release from Mast Cells and Basophils","volume":"241","author":"Borriello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2006.05.010","article-title":"Diagnostic value of tryptase in anaphylaxis and mastocytosis","volume":"26","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000569","article-title":"Tryptase values in anaphylaxis and insect allergy","volume":"19","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000501079","article-title":"Why the 20% + 2 Tryptase Formula Is a Diagnostic Gold Standard for Severe Systemic Mast Cell Activation and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome","volume":"180","author":"Valent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.6307","article-title":"Generation of anaphylatoxins by human beta-tryptase from C3, C4, and C5","volume":"180","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2021.104273","article-title":"Analysis of the mast cell expressed carboxypeptidase A3 and its structural and evolutionary relationship to other vertebrate carboxypeptidases","volume":"127","author":"Akula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_350","first-page":"2530","article-title":"Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in mast cells of human periapical lesions","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6215","article-title":"Activationinduced upregulation of MMP9 in mast cells is a positive feedback mediator for mast cell activation","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00512.x","article-title":"Mast cells and eicosanoid mediators: A system of reciprocal paracrine and autocrine regulation","volume":"217","author":"Boyce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2006.05.005","article-title":"Mast cell mediators in allergic inflammation and mastocytosis","volume":"26","author":"Castells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_354","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Stimulated mast cells release inflammatory cytokines: Potential suppression and therapeutical aspects","volume":"32","author":"Varvara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12634","article-title":"Mast cells as sources of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors","volume":"282","author":"Mukai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3739","article-title":"Mast cells synthesize, store, and release nerve growth factor","volume":"91","author":"Leon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12348","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vascular endothelial growth factor are expressed in lesional but not uninvolved skin in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"44","author":"Kay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578383","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/578383","article-title":"Analysis of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and its soluble receptors in patients with different forms of chronic urticaria","volume":"2015","author":"Jagodzinska","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003383","article-title":"Mast cells as sensors of cell injury through IL-33 recognition","volume":"186","author":"Enoksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristinziano, L., Poto, R., Criscuolo, G., Ferrara, A.L., Galdiero, M.R., Modestino, L., Loffredo, S., de Paulis, A., Marone, G., and Spadaro, G. (2021). IL-33 and Superantigenic Activation of Human Lung Mast Cells Induce the Release of Angiogenic and Lymphangiogenic Factors. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010145"},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2018.38.4105","article-title":"Interleukin 33 and interleukin 4 regulate interleukin 31 gene expression and secretion from human laboratory of allergic diseases 2 mast cells stimulated by substance P and\/or immunoglobulin E","volume":"39","author":"Petra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma. Proc."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172760","article-title":"IL-33 stimulates human mast cell release of CCL5 and CCL2 via MAPK and NF-kappaB, inhibited by methoxyluteolin","volume":"865","author":"Bawazeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0066","article-title":"Murine mast cells secrete and respond to interleukin-33","volume":"34","author":"Tung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242786","article-title":"IL-33 causes selective mast cell tolerance to bacterial cell wall products by inducing IRAK1 degradation","volume":"43","author":"Sandig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4830","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.9.4830","article-title":"IL-1 induces vesicular secretion of IL-6 without degranulation from human mast cells","volume":"171","author":"Letourneau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.8.2654","article-title":"Differential release of mast cell interleukin-6 via c-kit","volume":"89","author":"Gagari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000063858","article-title":"Serum interleukin-6 reflects disease severity and osteoporosis in mastocytosis patients","volume":"128","author":"Theoharides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.01.011","article-title":"IL-6 levels predict disease variant and extent of organ involvement in patients with mastocytosis","volume":"115","author":"Brockow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.176","article-title":"Increased IL6 plasma levels in indolent systemic mastocytosis patients are associated with high risk of disease progression","volume":"30","author":"Mayado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801000","article-title":"Leukocyte CD300a Contributes to the Resolution of Murine Allergic Inflammation","volume":"201","author":"Karra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.03.005","article-title":"Autonomous regulation of IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and immediate hypersensitivity reaction by an inhibitory receptor CD300a","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12593","article-title":"IL-33 drives airway hyper-responsiveness through IL-13-mediated mast cell: Airway smooth muscle crosstalk","volume":"70","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.212126","article-title":"Oncogenic D816V-KIT signaling in mast cells causes persistent IL-6 production","volume":"105","author":"Tobio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00524.x","article-title":"Mast cells as modulators of T-cell responses","volume":"217","author":"Sayed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krajewska, N.M., Fiancette, R., and Oo, Y.H. (2022). Interplay between Mast Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangiopathies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115872"},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.048","article-title":"Human mast cells present antigen to autologous CD4(+) T cells","volume":"141","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.3037","article-title":"Mast cell-derived exosomes induce phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells and elicit specific immune responses in vivo","volume":"170","author":"Skokos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(97)00033-9","article-title":"Induction of MHC class II antigen expression on human HMC-1 mast cells","volume":"16","author":"Grabbe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.66.1.105","article-title":"MHC class II-dependent activation of CD4+ T cell hybridomas by human mast cells through superantigen presentation","volume":"66","author":"Poncet","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201243058","article-title":"Communication between human mast cells and CD4(+) T cells through antigen-dependent interactions","volume":"43","author":"Suurmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1996.0137","article-title":"IFN-gamma-stimulated enhancement of MHC class II antigen expression by the human mast cell line HMC-1","volume":"170","author":"Love","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912551107","article-title":"Mast cells elicit proinflammatory but not type I interferon responses upon activation of TLRs by bacteria","volume":"107","author":"Dietrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vleeshouwers, W., van den Dries, K., de Keijzer, S., Joosten, B., Lidke, D.S., and Cambi, A. (2020). Characterization of the Signaling Modalities of Prostaglandin E2 Receptors EP2 and EP4 Reveals Crosstalk and a Role for Microtubules. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.613286"},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12330","article-title":"Histamine and gut mucosal immune regulation","volume":"69","author":"Smolinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.11.003","article-title":"Mast cells and histamine alter intestinal permeability during malaria parasite infection","volume":"221","author":"Potts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, J., Tan, Y., Huan, R., Guo, J., Yang, S., Deng, M., Xiong, Y., Han, G., Liu, L., and Liu, J. (2023). Mast cell activation mediates blood-brain barrier impairment and cognitive dysfunction in septic mice in a histamine-dependent pathway. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1090288"},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poto, R., Fusco, W., Rinninella, E., Cintoni, M., Kaitsas, F., Raoul, P., Caruso, C., Mele, M.C., Varricchi, G., and Gasbarrini, A. (2024). The Role of Gut Microbiota and Leaky Gut in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010092"},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1794-8","article-title":"The intestinal barrier as an emerging target in the toxicological assessment of mycotoxins","volume":"91","author":"Akbari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v1.i3.97","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in gastrointestinal dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Akiho","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00681-z","article-title":"Bacterial histamine and abdominal pain in IBS","volume":"19","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr2104146","article-title":"An Allergic Basis for Abdominal Pain","volume":"384","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996830","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2021.1996830","article-title":"Epithelial integrity, junctional complexes, and biomarkers associated with intestinal functions","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03118-2","article-title":"Local immune response to food antigens drives meal-induced abdominal pain","volume":"590","author":"Florens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, T.C., Befus, A.D., and Kulka, M. (2014). Mast cell mediators: Their differential release and the secretory pathways involved. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00569"},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/297229a0","article-title":"Differential release of serotonin and histamine from mast cells","volume":"297","author":"Theoharides","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00519.x","article-title":"Differential release of mast cell mediators and the pathogenesis of inflammation","volume":"217","author":"Theoharides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.684435","article-title":"Secretion in mast cells induced by calcium entrapped within phospholipid vesicles","volume":"201","author":"Theoharides","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000086516","article-title":"Piecemeal degranulation of basophils and mast cells is effected by vesicular transport of stored secretory granule contents","volume":"85","author":"Dvorak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Immunol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21146","article-title":"Cell secretion mediated by granule-associated vesicle transport: A glimpse at evolution","volume":"293","author":"Crivellato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.868","article-title":"Mast cell-dependent B and T lymphocyte activation is mediated by the secretion of immunologically active exosomes","volume":"166","author":"Skokos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(02)00088-3","article-title":"Immunoregulatory properties of mast cell-derived exosomes","volume":"38","author":"Skokos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798357836","article-title":"Mast cells as sources and targets of membrane vesicles","volume":"17","author":"Shefler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecce, M., Molfetta, R., Milito, N.D., Santoni, A., and Paolini, R. (2020). Fc\u03b5RI Signaling in the Modulation of Allergic Response: Role of Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155464"},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shefler, I., Salamon, P., and Mekori, Y.A. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles as Emerging Players in Intercellular Communication: Relevance in Mast Cell-Mediated Pathophysiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179176"},{"key":"ref_405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06262-4","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of rheumatoid arthritis patients with neuropsychiatric features to determine the alteration of white matter integrity due to vascular events","volume":"41","author":"Phukan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll-Portillo, A., Surviladze, Z., Cambi, A., Lidke, D.S., and Wilson, B.S. (2012). Mast cell synapses and exosomes: Membrane contacts for information exchange. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00046"},{"key":"ref_407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.10.032","article-title":"Mast cells in the autonomic nervous system and potential role in disorders with dysautonomia and neuroinflammation","volume":"132","author":"Theoharides","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12170","article-title":"Mast cells, glia and neuroinflammation: Partners in crime?","volume":"141","author":"Skaper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1159\/000171029","article-title":"Mast cell tryptase induces microglia activation via protease-activated receptor 2 signaling","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1159\/000443093","article-title":"Induction of Microglial Activation by Mediators Released from Mast Cells","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhtar, A., and Rahaman, S.B. (2025). The Interplay of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Behavioral Implications and Therapeutic Strategies. Brain Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080853"},{"key":"ref_412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02887-7","article-title":"Stabilizing histamine release in gut mast cells mitigates peripheral and central inflammation after stroke","volume":"20","author":"Conesa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.07.007","article-title":"The impact of psychological stress on mast cells","volume":"125","author":"Theoharides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_414","first-page":"481","article-title":"Stress-related maternal factors during pregnancy in relation to childhood eczema: Results from the LISA Study","volume":"19","author":"Sausenthaler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12910","article-title":"Maternal stress and psychological distress preconception: Association with offspring atopic eczema at age 12 months","volume":"47","author":"Crozier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22369","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22369","article-title":"Prenatal maternal stress and the severity of autism spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional study","volume":"65","author":"Alamoudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref_417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174423000156","article-title":"Preconception and prenatal maternal stress are associated with broad autism phenotype in young adults: Project Ice Storm","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02538-5","article-title":"The association between prenatal psychosocial factors and autism spectrum disorder in offspring at 3 years: A prospective cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Seebeck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2024.04.004","article-title":"Maternal Migration, Prenatal Stress and Child Autistic Traits: Insights From a Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"64","author":"Ester","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, C., Sominsky, L., O\u2019Hely, M., Berk, M., Vuillermin, P., and Dawson, S.L. (2024). Prenatal environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder and their potential mechanisms. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03617-3"},{"key":"ref_421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579424001494","article-title":"Prenatal maternal subjective distress predicts higher autistic-like traits in offspring: The Iowa Flood Study","volume":"37","author":"Lapierre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-112723-024048","article-title":"Prenatal Immune Stress: Its Impact on Brain Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"48","author":"Vasistha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Cillis, F., Petrillo, G., D\u2019Aprile, I., Marizzoni, M., Saleri, S., Mazzelli, M., Zonca, V., Di Benedetto, M.G., Riva, M.A., and Cattaneo, A. (2025). Prenatal Stress Rewires the Gut\u2013Brain Axis: Long-Term, Sex-Specific Effects on Microbiota, Intestinal Barrier, and Hippocampal Inflammation. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172812"},{"key":"ref_424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09419-8","article-title":"Maternal stress triggers early-life eczema through fetal mast cell programming","volume":"646","author":"Serhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00295","article-title":"Influencing Early Stages of Neuromuscular Junction Formation through Glycocalyx Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamayo, J.M., Rose, D., Church, J.S., Schwartzer, J.J., and Ashwood, P. (2022). Maternal Allergic Asthma Induces Prenatal Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081041"},{"key":"ref_427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02285-7","article-title":"Maternal atopic conditions and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Seker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-025-00440-y","article-title":"Association between maternal asthma and ASD\/ADHD in offspring: A meta-analysis based on observational studies","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02185-5","article-title":"Eczema and related atopic diseases are associated with increased symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Jameson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03456-1","article-title":"Examining the association between autism spectrum disorder and atopic eczema: Meta-analysis of current evidence","volume":"97","author":"Elgenidy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2007.12.008","article-title":"Atopic features in early childhood autism","volume":"12","author":"Bakkaloglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e081280","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081280","article-title":"Shared symptomatology between atopic dermatitis, ADHD and autism spectrum disorder: A protocol for a systematic scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14280","article-title":"Association of early-life gut microbiome and lifestyle factors in the development of eczema in Hong Kong infants","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-025-00801-1","article-title":"A genome-wide pleiotropy study between atopic dermatitis and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"19","author":"Antonatos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.02.026","article-title":"Prenatal allergic inflammation in rats programs the developmental trajectory of dendritic spine patterning in brain regions associated with cognitive and social behavior","volume":"102","author":"Breach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.086","article-title":"Mast cells, brain inflammation and autism","volume":"778","author":"Theoharides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181845f48","article-title":"Autism, gut-blood-brain barrier, and mast cells","volume":"28","author":"Theoharides","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-168","article-title":"Neuro-inflammation, blood-brain barrier, seizures and autism","volume":"8","author":"Theoharides","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.04.009","article-title":"Is a subtype of autism an allergy of the brain?","volume":"35","author":"Theoharides","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.06.018","article-title":"The \u201cmissing link\u201d in autoimmunity and autism: Extracellular mitochondrial components secreted from activated live mast cells","volume":"12","author":"Theoharides","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1275-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles are increased in the serum of children with autism spectrum disorder, contain mitochondrial DNA, and stimulate human microglia to secrete IL-1beta","volume":"15","author":"Tsilioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01149-09","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA toxicity in forebrain neurons causes apoptosis, neurodegeneration, and impaired behavior","volume":"30","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008621","article-title":"Absorption of histamine from the gastrointestinal tract of dogs in vivo","volume":"198","author":"Duncan","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsy183","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy183","article-title":"Histamine: Neural circuits and new medications","volume":"42","author":"Scammell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8098439","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8098439","article-title":"The Mast Cell Is an Early Activator of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Hippocampus","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2007","article-title":"Histamine in the nervous system","volume":"88","author":"Haas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.174438","article-title":"Autism and sleep disorders","volume":"10","author":"Devnani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00930.2011","article-title":"Histaminergic modulation of nonspecific plasticity of the auditory system and differential gating","volume":"109","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050766","article-title":"Acetylcholine and histamine are transmitter candidates in identifiable mechanosensitive neurons of the spider Cupiennius salei: An immunocytochemical study","volume":"287","author":"Fabian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91089-W","article-title":"Physiological and pharmacological evidence for histamine as a neurotransmitter in the olfactory CNS of the spiny lobster","volume":"590","author":"Orona","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saure, E., Lepisto-Paisley, T., Raevuori, A., and Laasonen, M. (2022). Atypical Sensory Processing Is Associated With Lower Body Mass Index and Increased Eating Disturbance in Individuals With Anorexia Nervosa. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.850594"},{"key":"ref_452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojovic, N., Ben Hadid, L., Franchini, M., and Schaer, M. (2019). Sensory Processing Issues and Their Association with Social Difficulties in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101508"},{"key":"ref_453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.12.005","article-title":"Increased IgG4 levels in children with autism disorder","volume":"23","author":"Enstrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16244","article-title":"Children with elevated wheat IgG4 antibody titer in autism spectrum disorder: Clinical presentation and findings associated with gut microbiota","volume":"80","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.70091","article-title":"Ameliorating Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder by Modulating the Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzatello, P., Novelli, R., Montemagni, C., Rocca, P., and Bellino, S. (2024). Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094824"},{"key":"ref_457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71422","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71422","article-title":"Probiotics as a Complementary Medicine in Neurologic Disorders","volume":"8","author":"Jafari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.25.1302","article-title":"A Meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-controlled Trials on the Effects of Probiotics for Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, Q., Chen, Q., Mao, X., Wang, G., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., and Chen, W. (2022). Bifidobacterium longum CCFM1077 Ameliorated Neurotransmitter Disorder and Neuroinflammation Closely Linked to Regulation in the Kynurenine Pathway of Autistic-like Rats. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081615"},{"key":"ref_460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S547997","article-title":"Bifidobacterium adolescentis DM8504 Alleviates Autistic-Like Behaviors in Valproic Acid-Exposed Rats Through Gut Microbiota Modulation and SCFA Restoration","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat"},{"key":"ref_461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansur, J.L., Oliveri, B., Giacoia, E., Fusaro, D., and Costanzo, P.R. (2022). Vitamin D: Before, during and after Pregnancy: Effect on Neonates and Children. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091900"},{"key":"ref_462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.177109","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates inflammation by inhibiting MrgprB2 receptor-mediated activation of mast cell in mice","volume":"985","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Cui, Y., Zhang, Y., Fu, W., Liu, Y., and Liu, F. (2025). Berberine hydrochloride enhances innate immunity to protect against pathogen infection via p38 MAPK pathway. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536143"},{"key":"ref_464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gori, A., Brindisi, G., Daglia, M., Giudice, M.M.d., Dinardo, G., Di Minno, A., Drago, L., Indolfi, C., Naso, M., and Trincianti, C. (2024). Exploring the Role of Lactoferrin in Managing Allergic Airway Diseases among Children: Unrevealing a Potential Breakthrough. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121906"},{"key":"ref_465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029924000529","article-title":"Effect of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the antibacterial properties of bovine lactoferrin","volume":"91","author":"Gunning","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.08028FP","article-title":"Suppression of histamine signaling by probiotic Lac-B: A possible mechanism of its anti-allergic effect","volume":"107","author":"Dev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Ping, L., Cao, T., Sun, L., Liu, D., Wang, S., Huo, G., and Li, B. (2022). Immunomodulatory effects of the Bifidobacterium longum BL-10 on lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal mucosal immune injury. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.947755"},{"key":"ref_468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.213","article-title":"Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism-related traits: The Generation R Study","volume":"23","author":"Vinkhuyzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9292560","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9292560","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2020","author":"Petruzzelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Ding, R., and Wang, J. (2020). The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010086"},{"key":"ref_471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2154381","article-title":"The role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of paediatric diseases","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b25-00008","article-title":"Supplementing with Vitamin D during Pregnancy Reduces Inflammation and Prevents Autism-Related Behaviors in Offspring Caused by Maternal Immune Activation","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02513-3","article-title":"Developmental vitamin D-deficiency produces autism-relevant behaviours and gut-health associated alterations in a rat model","volume":"13","author":"Tamang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jochum, C. (2024). Histamine Intolerance: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Beyond. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081219"},{"key":"ref_475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S387","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.980","article-title":"Histamine intolerance and anxiety disorders: Pilot cross-sectional study of histamine intolerance prevalence in cohort of patients with anxiety disorders","volume":"65","author":"Knop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00627-3","article-title":"Diamine oxidase supplementation improves symptoms in patients with histamine intolerance","volume":"28","author":"Schnedl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867013372256","article-title":"Polyphenolic compounds: Interactions with the gut and implications for human health","volume":"8","author":"Gee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.02.004","article-title":"Targeting the TLR4 signaling pathway by polyphenols: A novel therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation","volume":"36","author":"Rahimifard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01472-8","article-title":"The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer","volume":"52","author":"Middleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.103785","article-title":"Modulatory Effects of Phytochemicals on Gut-Brain Axis: Therapeutic Implication","volume":"8","author":"Jaberi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savino, R., Medoro, A., Ali, S., Scapagnini, G., Maes, M., and Davinelli, S. (2023). The Emerging Role of Flavonoids in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103520"},{"key":"ref_482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theoharides, T.C. (2021). Ways to Address Perinatal Mast Cell Activation and Focal Brain Inflammation, including Response to SARS-CoV-2, in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11090860"},{"key":"ref_483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114404","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids modulate the gut microbiota: A new perspective on improving autism spectrum disorder through the gut-brain axis","volume":"186","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2174\/156800908786241050","article-title":"Luteolin, a flavonoid with potential for cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1729","article-title":"Luteolin: The wonder flavonoid","volume":"47","author":"Theoharides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Kim, M.-Y., and Cho, J.Y. (2023). Immunopharmacological Activities of Luteolin in Chronic Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032136"},{"key":"ref_487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72005-0_45","article-title":"Mast cells, T cells, and inhibition by luteolin: Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"601","author":"Theoharides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1596800","article-title":"Recent advances in our understanding of mast cell activation\u2014Or should it be mast cell mediator disorders?","volume":"15","author":"Theoharides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.142","article-title":"Children with autism spectrum disorders, who improved with a luteolin-containing dietary formulation, show reduced serum levels of TNF and IL-6","volume":"5","author":"Tsilioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1159\/000537752","article-title":"Luteolin Is More Potent than Cromolyn in Their Ability to Inhibit Mediator Release from Cultured Human Mast Cells","volume":"185","author":"Tsilioni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1091","article-title":"Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin: Role of the aglycone in NF-kappaB inactivation in macrophages co-cultured with intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"39","author":"Nishitani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.123273","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits microglia and alters hippocampal-dependent spatial working memory in aged mice","volume":"140","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2015.1708","article-title":"Dietary Luteolin Reduces Proinflammatory Microglia in the Brain of Senescent Mice","volume":"19","author":"Burton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_494","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107519","article-title":"Luteolin: A novel approach to fight bacterial infection","volume":"204","author":"Chagas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154965","article-title":"Luteolin in the Qi Bi Anshen decoction improves propionic acid-induced autism-like behavior in rats by inhibiting LRP1\/MMP9","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khayyat, A.I.A., Alabdali, A.N., Alonazi, M., Alzahrani, A.A., Al-Shehri, E., and Ben Bacha, A. (2025). Luteolin mitigates oxidative stress and multi-organ impairment in a propionic acid-induced rodent model of autism. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1583119"},{"key":"ref_497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, Z., Zhang, B., Asadi, S., Sismanopoulos, N., Butcher, A., Fu, X., Katsarou-Katsari, A., Antoniou, C., and Theoharides, T.C. (2012). Quercetin is more effective than cromolyn in blocking human mast cell cytokine release and inhibits contact dermatitis and photosensitivity in humans. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033805"},{"key":"ref_498","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-020-00434-0","article-title":"Quercetin with the potential effect on allergic diseases","volume":"16","author":"Jafarinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8003","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01439G","article-title":"Quercetin improves gut dysbiosis in antibiotic-treated mice","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-025-10190-w","article-title":"Antioxidant-Effective Quercetin Through Modulation of Brain Interleukin-13 Mitigates Autistic-Like Behaviors in the Propionic Acid-Induced Autism Model in Rats","volume":"20","author":"Kilic","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102433","article-title":"Quercetin alleviates intestinal inflammation and improves intestinal functions via modulating gut microbiota composition in LPS-challenged laying hens","volume":"102","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20251198","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2025-1198","article-title":"Luteolin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury by regulating NLRP3\/IL-1beta signaling","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_503","unstructured":"Luo, L., Huang, F., Fang, G., Sun, Y., Deng, L., Liao, Y., Chen, X., Chen, Z., and Lin, X. (2025). Luteolin Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation to Ameliorate DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating AMPK Signalling. Cell Prolif., e70134."},{"key":"ref_504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500201","article-title":"A case series of a luteolin formulation (NeuroProtek(R)) in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"25","author":"Theoharides","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.04.006","article-title":"An open-label pilot study of a formulation containing the anti-inflammatory flavonoid luteolin and its effects on behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"35","author":"Taliou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulou, P., Polissidis, A., Kythreoti, G., Sagnou, M., Stefanatou, A., and Theoharides, T.C. (2024). Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Polyphenols Derived from the European Olive Tree, Olea europaea L., in Long COVID and Other Conditions Involving Cognitive Impairment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011040"},{"key":"ref_507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1689","article-title":"Luteolin supplements: All that glitters is not gold","volume":"47","author":"Theoharides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_508","first-page":"497","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of polyphenols on human gut microbiota","volume":"63","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_509","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7049","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604992113","article-title":"Neurotensin stimulates sortilin and mTOR in human microglia inhibitable by methoxyluteolin, a potential therapeutic target for autism","volume":"113","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.240564","article-title":"Methoxyluteolin Inhibits Neuropeptide-stimulated Proinflammatory Mediator Release via mTOR Activation from Human Mast Cells","volume":"361","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.032","article-title":"The novel flavone tetramethoxyluteolin is a potent inhibitor of human mast cells","volume":"135","author":"Weng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632017707610","article-title":"Tolerability and benefit of a tetramethoxyluteolin-containing skin lotion","volume":"30","author":"Theoharides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_513","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527311312010013","article-title":"New insights in mast cell modulation by palmitoylethanolamide","volume":"12","author":"Negro","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_514","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrosino, S., and Schiano Moriello, A. (2020). Palmitoylethanolamide: A Nutritional Approach to Keep Neuroinflammation within Physiological Boundaries-A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249526"},{"key":"ref_515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landolfo, E., Cutuli, D., Petrosini, L., and Caltagirone, C. (2022). Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review from Rodents to Humans. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12050667"},{"key":"ref_516","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.06.011","article-title":"Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on immunologically induced histamine, PGD2 and TNFalpha release from canine skin mast cells","volume":"133","author":"Cerrato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_517","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Aloia, A., Molteni, L., Gullo, F., Bresciani, E., Artusa, V., Rizzi, L., Ceriani, M., Meanti, R., Lecchi, M., and Coco, S. (2021). Palmitoylethanolamide Modulation of Microglia Activation: Characterization of Mechanisms of Action and Implication for Its Neuroprotective Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063054"},{"key":"ref_518","first-page":"325061","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Expressive Language, Cognition, and Behaviors in Autism: A Report of Two Cases","volume":"2015","author":"Antonucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossignol, D.A., and Frye, R.E. (2021). Cerebral Folate Deficiency, Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibodies and Leucovorin (Folinic Acid) Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Pers. Med., 11, Erratum in J. Pers. Med.\u00a02022, 12, 721.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050721"},{"key":"ref_520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoub, G. (2025). Autism Spectrum Disorder as a Multifactorial Disorder: The Interplay of Genetic Factors and Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.1224.v1"},{"key":"ref_521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silver, B.B., Brooks, A., Gerrish, K., and Tokar, E.J. (2024). Isolation and Characterization of Cell-Free DNA from Cerebral Organoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.1690.v1"},{"key":"ref_522","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, V., and Bendtsen, K.M.S. (2023). Getting closer to modeling the gut-brain axis using induced pluripotent stem cells. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1146062"},{"key":"ref_523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-024-00413-w","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiota-derived metabolites and extracellular vesicles on neurodegenerative disease in a gut-brain axis chip","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Converg."},{"key":"ref_524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LC00273C","article-title":"A gut-brain axis on-a-chip platform for drug testing challenged with donepezil","volume":"25","author":"Fanizza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106263","article-title":"The role of mast cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"176","author":"Pardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01188-9","article-title":"A role for microglia in mediating the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"25","author":"Keane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70154","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.70154","article-title":"Exploring the Role of Microglial Cells in the Gut-Brain Axis Communication: A Systematic Review","volume":"169","author":"Vijaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Zhou, Y., Chen, K., Wang, J., Liu, X., and Jia, P. (2025). Gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder: Advances in dietary intervention strategies based on the microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanism. Front. Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1587818"},{"key":"ref_529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjan, J., and Bhattacharya, A. (2025). The Evolving Landscape of Functional Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14120908"},{"key":"ref_530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alciati, A., Reggiani, A., Caldirola, D., and Perna, G. (2022). Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology: Toward the Future of Personalized Psychiatry. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202207.0219.v1"},{"key":"ref_531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.106071","article-title":"Microglial involvement in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from human data and iPSC models","volume":"130","author":"Michels","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_532","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.11.008","article-title":"A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges","volume":"123","author":"Buonfiglioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_533","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70449","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70449","article-title":"Differentiation Defect Into GABAergic Neurons in Cerebral Organoids From Autism Patients","volume":"31","author":"Hali","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafavi Abdolmaleky, H., Alam, R., Nohesara, S., Deth, R.C., and Zhou, J.R. (2024). iPSC-Derived Astrocytes and Neurons Replicate Brain Gene Expression, Epigenetic, Cell Morphology and Connectivity Alterations Found in Autism. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13131095"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:08:51Z","timestamp":1770898131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":534,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27041768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27041768","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}}}