{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:38:09Z","timestamp":1793781489758,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Administration and Academic Service Division, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens threatening the lives of pigs and humans. Increasingly severe antimicrobial resistance in S. suis is becoming a global issue. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover novel antibacterial alternatives for the treatment of S. suis infections. The current study investigated aurisin A, an aristolane dimer sesquiterpene isolated from the luminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi Speg. (Marasmiaceae), against S. suis. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of aurisin A against S. suis strains were in the range of 1.94\u201362.5 \u03bcg\/mL. Scanning electron microscopy showed that aurisin A induced alterations in the cellular structure of S. suis, including a significantly wrinkled surface, intracellular content leakage, and cell lysis. The crystal violet staining assay illustrated that aurisin A significantly inhibited biofilm formation of S. suis strains at sub-MICs and exhibited strong degrading activity against the preformed biofilms. Aurisin A significantly inhibited the adhesion, cell death, and cytotoxic activities of S. suis in lung epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, aurisin A significantly reduced the hemolytic effect of S. suis on defibrillated sheep blood, indicating protective activity of aurisin A against this bacteria. Taken together, these findings highlight aurisin A as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of S. suis infections, with key roles in inhibiting biofilm formation and hemolytic activity, as well as providing protective effects to epithelial cells, including anti-adhesion, anti-cytotoxicity, and anti-cell death activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:06:59Z","timestamp":1770984419000},"page":"1798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Aurisin A Against Streptococcus suis and Its Protective Effect on Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Thotsaporn","family":"Bunthiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siriwan","family":"Sunontarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nattamol","family":"Phetburom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruethaithip","family":"Dulyasucharit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orapan","family":"Intharaksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9763-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thidarut","family":"Boonmars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somdej","family":"Kanokmedhakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5841-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ratsami","family":"Lekphrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5010-4682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peechanika","family":"Chopjitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1055-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusak","family":"Kerdsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7175-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parichart","family":"Boueroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.10.001","article-title":"Understanding the virulence of Streptococcus suis: A veterinary, medical, and economic challenge","volume":"48","author":"Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. 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