{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:49:47Z","timestamp":1791308987190,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":304,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Center","award":["AWD-P067152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-P067152"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), particularly the androgen receptor-low (AR-low) subtype, is one of the most aggressive and hard-to-treat forms of BC, characterized by a high index of proliferation, chromosomal instability (CIN), and high prevalence of TP53 mutations. These features fuel therapy resistance, metastases, and poor clinical outcomes. An integrated framework describing the dysregulated molecular networks that support the pathobiology of AR-low TNBC is lacking. Multiple published studies in breast cancer have previously proposed mechanistic links between TP53 loss, AR-low states, and heightened FOXM1-driven G2\/M transcriptional programs, potentially via deregulation of E2F activity, chromatin-associated co-regulators (e.g., ATAD2), and disruption of repressive networks involving p53\u2013p21\u2013DREAM and SPDEF. Additional reports suggest that FOXM1-associated circuitry may be reinforced by chromatin regulators such as WDR5 and by mitotic\/spindle factors such as ASPM, including through feedback interactions and condensate-associated transcriptional organization. We previously showed that FOXM1, a master regulator transcription factor, is upregulated and is a biomarker of poor prognosis in AR-low TNBC. In this study, we filtered a set of \u201cTNBC core genes\u201d known to promote transcriptional chaos downstream of FoxM1. We identified a set of 15 cell cycle regulators\u2014including mitotic kinesin motors (KIF14, KIF11, KIF4A, KIF2C, and KIF20A), centromeric proteins (CENPA, CENPO, CENPL, CENPF, and OIP5), and regulators of proteolysis (UBE2C, UBE2S, UBE2T, PSMD14, and TUBA1B). These 15 genes, which were ranked highly among genes overexpressed in TNBC featured prominently in gene signatures of chromosomal instability and were also overexpressed among AR-low TNBCs and TP53-mutant breast tumors. We show that expression of each of these 15 genes correlates positively with proliferation markers (Ki67, PCNA, and MCM2) in TNBC, and that the overexpression of this gene set is associated with shorter relapse-free survival and distinct immune\/stromal infiltration patterns. In light of prior work, our findings point to a FOXM1-associated 15-gene signature enriched in AR-low TNBC and associated with the high-proliferation and high-CIN phenotypes of this clinically challenging tumor type. This 15-gene set represents an actionable vulnerability with therapeutic potential for AR-low TNBC and provides a framework for rethinking how to manage highly proliferative, genomically unstable BCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1771236872000},"page":"1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["FOXM1 Signaling Network Transcriptionally Upregulates Expression of Proteins Involved in Mitotic Progression to Induce High Proliferation and Chromosomal Instability in Androgen Receptor-Low Triple-Negative Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Padmashree","family":"Rida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Department, Rowland Hall, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Andreae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John and Marcia Price College of Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Bikhazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benecia","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4068-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Jinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cancer statistics","volume":"65","author":"Siegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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