{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:08:15Z","timestamp":1771308495401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002655","name":"Terry Fox Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Young Researchers\u2019 Career Development Project-Training of Doctoral Students","award":["DOK-2021-02-5821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2021-02-5821"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of developing some types of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is seven times higher in males, and such disparities may not be associated only with tobacco and alcohol consumption or HPV infection. Therefore, the endocrine microenvironment is considered another risk factor, as epidemiologic studies have unequivocally shown the protective effect of estrogen in women. This research was focused on progesterone receptors (PRs), the least-studied sex hormone receptors in HNSCC. Our study included fresh tissue samples from 95 primary tumors, 25 metastatic lymph nodes and 40 healthy oral mucosa. Gene expression of nuclear (PGR) and seven membrane PRs (PAQR5, PAQR6, PAQR7, PAQR8, PAQR9, PGRMC1 and PGRMC2) was analyzed by qRT-PCR and associated with clinicopathological characteristics. The results showed that, compared to control tissue, PGR was increased in metastatic lymph nodes, while PAQR5, PAQR7, PAQR8 and PAQR9 were decreased in primary tumors (all p &lt; 0.05). The expression of almost all PRs was greater in older patients and showed moderate to strong positive mutual correlations in both tumors and controls. PARQ8 and PAQR9 were increased in females and pT4 tumors (all p &lt; 0.05). Survival analysis showed that higher PAQR5 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19\u20136.57, p = 0.019) and PAQR7 (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.01\u20133.81, p = 0.048) were associated with worse overall survival, but their independence was not proven in multivariate analysis. Although most PRs were reduced in primary tumors, an increased PAQR5 expression, also associated with tumor invasion markers, could likely mark a specific aggressive, advanced stage of primary tumors and potentially serve as a negative prognostic biomarker for HNSCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1771236872000},"page":"1853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gene Expression Profiling and Prognostic Significance of Nuclear and Membrane Progesterone Receptors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1473-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josipa","family":"Jela\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Milutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Bacteriology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6677-0559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilijana","family":"Stojkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ozren","family":"Vugrinec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Kvolik Pavi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3687-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Vu\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0774-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Mumlek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bexorg, Inc., New Haven, CT 06419, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vedran","family":"Zub\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinko","family":"Leovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2525-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Bili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9757-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petar","family":"Ozreti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00224-3","article-title":"Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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