{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:08:26Z","timestamp":1784214506555,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Parkinson and Movement Disorders at National Taiwan University Hospital","award":["MS329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS329"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Cancer Center","award":["NTUCCS-113-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUCCS-113-13"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University Cancer Center","award":["NTUCCS-114-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUCCS-114-23"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-117-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-002-117-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by autonomic dysfunction, Parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia. While the pathological hallmark of MSA is the accumulation of \u03b1-synuclein in oligodendrocytes and formation of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), the precise etiopathogenesis, accurate biomarkers, and promising therapeutic targets remain elusive. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in MSA, focusing on how small non-coding RNAs mediate gene\u2013environment interactions contributing to disease pathogenesis. We explore dysregulated miRNA profiles in MSA, their impact on \u03b1-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, demyelinating process, and oligodendrocyte dysfunction, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Understanding the complex interplay between miRNAs, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors may provide critical insights into MSA pathophysiology and open new avenues for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1771236872000},"page":"1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MicroRNA as Potential Biomarkers and Their Pathogenesis in Multiple System Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ming-Che","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 106037, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Ying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 108206, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4947-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruey-Meei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100227, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1284","article-title":"Incidence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1990","volume":"49","author":"Bower","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04137-9","article-title":"Prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: A cross-sectional study","volume":"354","author":"Schrag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15","article-title":"Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy","volume":"71","author":"Gilman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1311488","article-title":"Multiple-system atrophy","volume":"372","author":"Fanciulli","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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