{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T04:08:55Z","timestamp":1786853335772,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/47\/B\/NZ5\/00898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/47\/B\/NZ5\/00898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Minister of Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest-growing non-communicable diseases worldwide. The increasing global prevalence of diabetes has been accompanied by a corresponding rise in the incidence of diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications and related dysfunctions in the central nervous system. Studies demonstrated that patients with diabetes are more susceptible to cognitive impairment due to the diminished ability of neuronal cells to protect against increased production of reactive oxygen species and activated neuroinflammatory pathways. In the spinal cord, long-term hyperglycemia leads to neuronal dysfunction due to increased activation of glial cells and neuroinflammation and elevated oxidative stress, triggering micro- and macrovascular changes and leading to the development of peripheral nerve dysfunctions and neuropathies. Despite extensive efforts, however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic complications have yet to be fully uncovered, proving to be a major hurdle in designing therapies to stop the progress of diabetes-triggered susceptible tissue and organ deterioration in affected subjects. In this review, we discuss in detail the role of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and its major signaling partners in the development of CNS neurodegenerative changes in diabetes and the potential for novel biomarkers and treatments using targeting RAGE signaling axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1771236872000},"page":"1881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["RAGE Axis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of CNS Neurodegeneration in Long-Term Hyperglycemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Wasilewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7590-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Kordas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5973-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Mizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8665-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Juranek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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