{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:25:34Z","timestamp":1790011534170,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bolsa Produtividade em Pesquisa, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico-Brasil","award":["PQ: 403434\/2025-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PQ: 403434\/2025-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by marked clinical and molecular heterogeneity, which underlies the limited success of currently available targeted therapies and results in most patients relying on cytotoxic chemotherapy. This therapeutic gap underscores the pressing need for novel therapeutic approaches, in which non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as promising candidates. In this systematic review, 35 pre-clinical studies published between 2020 and 2025 were analyzed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting ncRNAs in TNBC, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. The original articles employed in vivo tumor models to assess the therapeutic response of ncRNA expression modulation, using miRNA mimics, antagomiRs, ASOs, shRNAs, and siRNAs integrated into advanced targeted delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and exosomes. According to the selected studies, 28 specific ncRNAs were identified as actionable molecular targets. Modulation of these molecules consistently resulted in tumor growth suppression, metastasis inhibition, and restoration of sensitivity to standard chemotherapeutic agents. Collectively, the pre-clinical evidence presented in these studies positions ncRNA-based therapies as innovative, promising, and potentially effective strategies for advancing TNBC treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1771236872000},"page":"1882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Coding RNA-Based Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3023-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovana Prado","family":"Scaratti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inai\u00ea Maiala de Almeida","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2816-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuelle","family":"Nunes-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3743-565X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayara Oliveira","family":"Ruthes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2388-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiane","family":"Rosolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline Simoneti","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5619-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciane Regina","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u, 333, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3859-y","article-title":"An overview of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"293","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2018.07.023","article-title":"Genetic Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Sporikova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhan, Z., Yin, X., Fu, S., and Deng, X. (2021). Targeted Therapeutic Strategies for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.731535"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, L., and Okines, A. (2023). Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Current Treatments and Future Directions. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153801"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.177202","article-title":"Advancements in clinical research and emerging therapies for triple-negative breast cancer treatment","volume":"988","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892010303244240718075729","article-title":"Recent Advances in Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Shewale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palcau, A.C., Brandi, R., Mehterov, N.H., Botti, C., Blandino, G., and Pulito, C. (2023). Exploiting Long Non-Coding RNAs and Circular RNAs as Pharmacological Targets in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164181"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alalhareth, I.S., Alyami, S.M., Alshareef, A.H., Ajeibi, A.O., Al Munjem, M.F., Elfifi, A.A., Alsharif, M.M., Alzahrani, S.A., Alqaad, M.A., and Bakir, M.B. (2025). Cellular Epigenetic Targets and Epidrugs in Breast Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020207"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70322","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70322","article-title":"RNA Epigenetics in Cancer: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14565","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer and new therapeutic concepts","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, D.D., Lee, H.J., and Yadav, D.K. (2023). Recent Clinical Advances on Long Non-Coding RNAs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040674"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"13","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of circular RNA in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.02.001","article-title":"Genomic and Transcriptomic Landscape of Triple-Negative Breast Cancers: Subtypes and Treatment Strategies","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, B.D., Jovanovi\u0107, B., Chen, X., Estrada, M.V., Johnson, K.N., Shyr, Y., Moses, H.L., Sanders, M.E., and Pietenpol, J.A. (2016). Refinement of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: Implications for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Selection. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157368"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-1177","article-title":"Insights into Molecular Classifications of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Improving Patient Selection for Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79274","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13024","article-title":"Differentially expressed miRNAs in triple negative breast cancer between African-American and non-Hispanic white women","volume":"7","author":"Sugita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27250","article-title":"Integrated copy number and miRNA expression analysis in triple negative breast cancer of Latin American patients","volume":"10","author":"Sugita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattarai, S., Sugita, B.M., Bortoletto, S.M., Fonseca, A.S., Cavalli, L.R., and Aneja, R. (2021). QNBC Is Associated with High Genomic Instability Characterized by Copy Number Alterations and miRNA Deregulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111548"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turkistani, S., Sugita, B.M., Fadda, P., Marchi, R., Afsari, A., Naab, T., Apprey, V., Copeland, R.L., Campbell, M.C., and Cavalli, L.R. (2021). A panel of miRNAs as prognostic markers for African-American patients with triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08573-2"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugita, B.M., Rodriguez, Y., Fonseca, A.S., Nunes Souza, E., Kallakury, B., Cavalli, I.J., Ribeiro, E.M.S.F., Aneja, R., and Cavalli, L.R. (2022). MiR-150-5p Overexpression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Contributes to the In Vitro Aggressiveness of This Breast Cancer Subtype. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092156"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almohaywi, M., Sugita, B.M., Centa, A., Fonseca, A.S., Antunes, V.C., Fadda, P., Mannion, C.M., Abijo, T., Goldberg, S.L., and Campbell, M.C. (2023). Deregulated miRNA Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer of Ancestral Genomic-Characterized Latina Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713046"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122332","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles-associated miRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer: From tumor biology to clinical relevance","volume":"336","author":"Berti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattarai, S., Sugita, B.M., Nunes-Souza, E., Fonseca, A.S., Chandrashekar, D.S., Bhargava, M., Cavalli, L.R., and Aneja, R. (2024). Dysregulated miRNA Expression and Androgen Receptor Loss in Racially Distinct Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413679"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okano, L.M., de Azevedo, A.L.K., Carvalho, T.M., Resende, J., Magno, J.M., Figueiredo, B.C., Malta, T.M., Castro, M.A.A., and Cavalli, L.R. (2025). Identification of Epigenetic Regulatory Networks of Gene Methylation-miRNA-Transcription Factor Feed-Forward Loops in Basal-like Breast Cancer. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14161235"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01419-2","article-title":"Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: Technologies and applications","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-03985-y","article-title":"Targeting triple negative breast cancer stem cells using nanocarriers","volume":"19","author":"Dasari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02865-4","article-title":"Advancing breast cancer research: A comprehensive review of in vitro and in vivo experimental models","volume":"42","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabit, H., Rashwan, S., Albrahim, Y., Wadan, A.S., Radwan, F., Alqosaibi, A.I., Abdel-Ghany, S., and Arneth, B. (2025). Targeting Resistance Pathways in Breast Cancer Through Precision Oncology: Nanotechnology and Immune Modulation Approaches. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071691"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooijmans, C.R., Rovers, M.M., de Vries, R.B.M., Leenars, M., Ritskes-Hoitinga, M., and Langendam, M.W. (2014). SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000197","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202000197","article-title":"Ultrasound Triggered Co-Delivery of Therapeutic MicroRNAs and a Triple Suicide Gene Therapy Vector by Using Biocompatible Polymer Nanoparticles for Improved Cancer Therapy in Mouse Models","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302094","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302094","article-title":"Polymer-Initiating Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis and GSH-Responsive MiR-34a Gene Delivery System for Enhanced Orthotopic Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126912","article-title":"Efficient TNBC immunotherapy by dual reprogramming tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells and tumor-associated macrophages with stimulus-responsive miR155 nanocomplexes","volume":"253","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2023.8661","article-title":"MicroRNA-606 inhibits the growth and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by targeting Stanniocalcin 1","volume":"51","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45523","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c08842","article-title":"Homologous Tumor Cell-Derived Biomimetic Nano-Trojan Horse Integrating Chemotherapy with Genetherapy for Boosting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4020","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.4020","article-title":"Exploring the regulatory role of FBXL19-AS1 in triple-negative breast cancer through the miR-378a-3p\/OTUB2 axis","volume":"42","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122712","article-title":"Photoswitchable dynamics and RNAi synergist with tailored interface and controlled release reprogramming tumor immunosuppressive niche","volume":"312","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103600","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202103600","article-title":"Camouflaged Hybrid Cancer Cell-Platelet Fusion Membrane Nanovesicles Deliver Therapeutic MicroRNAs to Presensitize Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to Doxorubicin","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200018","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202200018","article-title":"Inhaled Gold Nano-Star Carriers for Targeted Delivery of Triple Suicide Gene Therapy and Therapeutic MicroRNAs to Lung Metastases: Development and Validation in a Small Animal Model","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB02114E","article-title":"Amphiphilic phosphorous dendron micelles co-deliver microRNA inhibitor and doxorubicin for augmented triple negative breast cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panella, R., Cotton, C.A., Maymi, V.A., Best, S., Berry, K.E., Lee, S., Batalini, F., Vlachos, I.S., Clohessy, J.G., and Kauppinen, S. (2023). Targeting of microRNA-22 Suppresses Tumor Spread in a Mouse Model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051470"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c21006","article-title":"Dual Roles of Metal-Organic Frameworks as Nanocarriers for miRNA Delivery and Adjuvants for Chemodynamic Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-08047-z","article-title":"p53 downregulates PD-L1 expression via miR-34a to inhibit the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells: A potential clinical immunotherapeutic target","volume":"50","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2024.09.009","article-title":"miRNA-105-5p regulates the histone deacetylase HDAC2 through FOXG1 to affect the malignant biological behavior of triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"369","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9417","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S268378","article-title":"MicroRNA-139 Suppresses the Tumorigenicity of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Targeting SOX8","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02681-0","article-title":"Combination treatment with hENT1 and miR-143 reverses gemcitabine resistance in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144142","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma targets triple negative breast cancer cells via SCAF11-mediated competitive protein degradation and synergizes with miRNA-146b-5p","volume":"312","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02575-5","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species\/glutathione dual sensitive nanoparticles with encapsulation of miR155 and curcumin for synergized cancer immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103669","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-155-5p enhances the anti-tumor effect of cetuximab on triple-negative breast cancer cells via inducing cell apoptosis and pyroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Exosomal miR-182-5p from breast cancer cells reprogram tumor-associated macrophages and promote triple-negative breast cancer progression by targeting Notch1 in macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01584-0","article-title":"Therapeutic limitations of oncolytic VSVd51-mediated miR-199a-5p delivery in triple negative breast cancer models","volume":"15","author":"Daniel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-020-00275-x","article-title":"Inhibition of Chk1 by miR-320c increases oxaliplatin responsiveness in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-025-01669-0","article-title":"Targeting the miR-325-3p\/GSTP1 axis overcomes paclitaxel resistance in triple-negative breast cancer by inducing ferroptosis","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Genom."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-022-06569-5","article-title":"Targeting HIF1-alpha\/miR-326\/ITGA5 axis potentiates chemotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"193","author":"Assidicky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23310","article-title":"miR-506-loaded gelatin nanospheres target PENK and inactivate the ERK\/Fos signaling pathway to suppress triple-negative breast cancer aggressiveness","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S440619","article-title":"Engineered Exosomes Carrying miR-588 for Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Through Remodeling the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.107240","article-title":"miR-6126 modulates GRP78 to suppress the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dynamics in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2023.1651","article-title":"Knockdown of ABHD11-AS1 prevents the procession of TNBC by upregulating miR-199a-5p","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02168-8","article-title":"Coordinated modulation of long non-coding RNA ASBEL and curcumin co-delivery through multicomponent nanocomplexes for synchronous triple-negative breast cancer theranostics","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215781","article-title":"Exosomes deliver lncRNA DARS-AS1 siRNA to inhibit chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced TNBC metastasis","volume":"543","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126147","article-title":"CL4-modified exosomes deliver lncRNA DARS-AS1 siRNA to suppress triple-negative breast cancer progression and attenuate doxorubicin resistance by inhibiting autophagy","volume":"250","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2207257","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202207257","article-title":"Targeting lncRNA DDIT4-AS1 Sensitizes Triple Negative Breast Cancer to Chemotherapy via Suppressing of Autophagy","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-23-0045","article-title":"Targeted Inhibition of lncRNA Malat1 Alters the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Preclinical Syngeneic Mouse Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Adewunmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-3046","article-title":"MILIP Binding to tRNAs Promotes Protein Synthesis to Drive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"84","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116719","article-title":"CircDUSP16 mediates the effect of triple-negative breast cancer in pirarubicin via the miR-1224-3p\/TFDP2 axis","volume":"232","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01050-9","article-title":"MicroRNA: Trends in clinical trials of cancer diagnosis and therapy strategies","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W.J., Wang, Y., Liu, R., Kasinski, A.L., Shen, H., Slack, F.J., and Tang, D.G. (2021). MicroRNA-34a: Potent Tumor Suppressor, Cancer Stem Cell Inhibitor, and Potential Anticancer Therapeutic. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.640587"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Imani, S., Wu, M.Y., and Wu, R.C. (2023). MicroRNA-34 Family in Cancers: Role, Mechanism, and Therapeutic Potential. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.0847.v1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3267-8","article-title":"Potential role of miR-100 in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy","volume":"36","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5508","article-title":"miR-100: A key tumor suppressor regulatory factor in human malignant tumors","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1996.tb00920.x","article-title":"CD80, CD86 and CD40 provide accessory signals in a multiple-step T-cell activation model","volume":"153","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064828","article-title":"Antigen presentation and T cell stimulation by dendritic cells","volume":"20","author":"Guermonprez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, X., and Zhang, T. (2020). Tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immunity. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583084"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12851","article-title":"Targeting immunogenic cell death in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.09.016","article-title":"Low microRNA-139 expression associates with poor prognosis in patients with tumors: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavast, C.J., van Zuijen, I., and Erkeland, S.J. (2022). MicroRNA-139, an Emerging Gate-Keeper in Various Types of Cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050769"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154792","article-title":"MicroRNA-143 as a potential tumor suppressor in cancer: An insight into molecular targets and signaling pathways","volume":"250","author":"Asghariazar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelakkot, C., Chelakkot, V.S., Shin, Y., and Song, K. (2023). Modulating Glycolysis to Improve Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032606"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","article-title":"Inflammation and tumor progression: Signaling pathways and targeted intervention","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1029","article-title":"New insights into checkpoint kinase 1 in the DNA damage response signaling network","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28226","article-title":"Roles of Chk1 in cell biology and cancer therapy","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.04.031","article-title":"Predictive role of GSTP1-containing exosomes in chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer","volume":"623","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01769-5","article-title":"Ferroptosis in cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110487","article-title":"ERK activation modulates invasiveness and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production in triple negative breast cancer cell lines","volume":"101","author":"Maycotte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"e68761","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Indexes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Progression and Metastases","volume":"16","author":"Kepuladze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01679-6","article-title":"PENK inhibits osteosarcoma cell migration by activating the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salhia, B., Kiefer, J., Ross, J.T.D., Metapally, R., Martinez, R.A., Johnson, K.N., DiPerna, D.M., Paquette, K.M., Jung, S., and Nasser, S. (2014). Integrated genomic and epigenomic analysis of breast cancer brain metastasis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085448"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldinucci, D., Borghese, C., and Casagrande, N. (2020). The CCL5\/CCR5 Axis in Cancer Progression. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071765"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-014-9687-9","article-title":"STC1 expression is associated with tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05911-z","article-title":"Stanniocalcin 1 promotes lung metastasis of breast cancer by enhancing EGFR-ERK-S100A4 signaling","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt277","article-title":"Bcl2 is an independent prognostic marker of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and predicts response to anthracycline combination (ATC) chemotherapy (CT) in adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings","volume":"24","author":"Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2016.05.002","article-title":"Ki67, PCNA, and MCM proteins: Markers of proliferation in the diagnosis of breast cancer","volume":"118","author":"Danihel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10327","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S231971","article-title":"Overview of microRNA-199a Regulation in Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-6-60","article-title":"OncomiRs: The discovery and progress of microRNAs in cancers","volume":"6","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116165","article-title":"The regulatory mechanisms of oncomiRs in cancer","volume":"171","author":"Otmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01582-6","article-title":"The role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer and colitis-associated cancer","volume":"25","author":"Basak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04303","article-title":"Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with \u2018antagomirs\u2019","volume":"438","author":"Rajewsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Potential Role of miR-21 in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Badr","year":"2016","journal-title":"JSM Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-022-00413-7","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 is immunosuppressive and pro-metastatic via separate mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Chi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155572","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) in breast cancer: From apoptosis dysregulation to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"262","author":"Syed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.06.003","article-title":"The oncogenic microRNA miR-22 targets the TET2 tumor suppressor to promote hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and transformation","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3811","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of miR-22 in regulating malignant progression in human cancer (Review)","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002689","article-title":"Hsa-miR-105-5p acts as an oncogene in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"136","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.025","article-title":"Targeting EGFR of triple-negative breast cancer enhances the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel- and cetuximab-conjugated nanodiamond nanocomposite","volume":"86","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15541","article-title":"Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling","volume":"526","author":"Kayagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00566-8","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs: Definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Mattick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01591-0","article-title":"LncRNA-encoded peptides in cancer","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3378-5_16","article-title":"Targeting Long Noncoding RNA with Antisense Oligonucleotide Technology as Cancer Therapeutics","volume":"1402","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02157-7","article-title":"Circular RNA discovery with emerging sequencing and deep learning technologies","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-06948-1_5","article-title":"The Potential of Noncoding RNAs-siRNAs in Cancer Research and Therapy: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Ullah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNAs: Insights on the Regulatory Genome"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hueso, M., Mall\u00e9n, A., Su\u00f1\u00e9-Pou, M., Aran, J.M., Su\u00f1\u00e9-Negre, J.M., and Navarro, E. (2021). ncRNAs in Therapeutics: Challenges and Limitations in Nucleic Acid-Based Drug Delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111596"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.07.018","article-title":"Recent advances in targeted delivery of non-coding RNA-based therapeutics for atherosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114708","article-title":"Nanoparticle biodistribution coefficients: A quantitative approach for understanding the tissue distribution of nanoparticles","volume":"194","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-023-00569-y","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles: Current knowledge, future directions and its implications in drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"Haripriyaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Futur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03521-2","article-title":"Exosomes as natural nanocarrier-based drug delivery system: Recent insights and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"3 Biotech"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1882\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1771237596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/4\/1882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27041882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27041882","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]}}}