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The article describes the characteristics of the diseases discussed, with particular emphasis on the pathophysiological mechanisms and the impact of metabolic disorders on the course of the diseases. In addition, the specific role of GLP-1 receptor agonists and their mechanisms of action leading to improved clinical outcomes were discussed, including their impact on molecular pathways involved in glucose metabolism regulation, inflammatory processes, carcinogenesis, and neuroprotection. Based on meta-analyses of available clinical trials, the evidence supporting the effectiveness of GLP-1 agonist therapy in glycemic control, weight loss, and improvement of metabolic parameters was synthesized. Additionally, potential benefits beyond the metabolic system are discussed, including neuroprotective effects and impact on patients\u2019 cardiovascular profiles, as well as risks and adverse effects associated with the use of GLP-1 agonists. The collected data indicate the growing role of GLP-1 agonists as an innovative and effective therapeutic strategy, while emphasizing the need for further research in the context of new clinical indications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1771236872000},"page":"1886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Multifaceted Nature of GLP-1: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata Katarzyna","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"El-Mallul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Hudecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna El\u017cbieta","family":"Luboja\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr Jan","family":"Luboja\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Hospital Named Dr. Tytus Chalubinski, 1 Adolfa Tochtermana Street, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2785-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Or\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9211-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bednarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"Finan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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