{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:51:27Z","timestamp":1791337887367,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry for Health","award":["RC IZSME 03\/23 RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC IZSME 03\/23 RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Milk is a primary source of vital nutrients and bioactive components fundamental to the growth and development of both newborn animals and humans. Produced by economically significant livestock species (including cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and camels), milk is a complex matrix rich in caseins, vitamins, fats, and proteins. Beyond its classical nutritional profile, milk serves as a pivotal vehicle for milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs). These specialized food-derived EVs (fEVs) exert pleiotropic effects that resonate with the One Health paradigm, linking animal well-being and human nutrition to broader ecosystem stability. mEVs offer unique advantages, such as high biocompatibility and gastrointestinal stability, also rendering them potential therapeutic tools as drug delivery systems. However, challenges remain regarding the standardization of mEVs and the variability of their molecular cargo. This review provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of mEVs across a diverse taxonomic range, including bovines, water buffaloes, yaks, camels, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys, and humans, highlighting their distinct functional signatures. Indeed, a critical issue in mEV research is the isolation process: recommendations to minimize contamination from milk fat globules and casein micelles (which can cover EV signals) are given. Finally, current detection methods and instrumentation, with a specific focus on advancing flow cytometry (FC) approaches are discussed. Key insights include the use of conventional FC (with fluorescence triggering, the necessity of rigorous controls and calibration, and the utility of bead-based assays to overcome resolution limits) and imaging flow cytometry (IFC). In both technical approaches, the application of different EV generic fluorescent markers and the strategic selection of tetraspanins (i.e., CD9, CD63, CD81), is mandatory: we emphasize that selecting the correct antibody clones and accounting for inter-species cross-reactivity are essential steps for ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of mEV research across mammalian species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771406566000},"page":"1938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Milk-Derived EVs from Different Animal Sources: An Overview on Their Detection, Isolation and Pleiotropic Exerted Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6486-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovica","family":"Di Fabrizio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6348-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faiza","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-7055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4848-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariele","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2626-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Carmela","family":"Scat\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, CREA, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Grandoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, CREA, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2998-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samanta","family":"Mecocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4197-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Lanuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5548-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Maria","family":"Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Chair of Internal Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7272-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genny","family":"Del Zotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Diagnostics IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Donniacuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Martucciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3383-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Canonico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, DISB, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barathan, M., Ng, S.L., Lokanathan, Y., Ng, M.H., and Law, J.X. 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