{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:41Z","timestamp":1787028581992,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens, Greece"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults with a median survival of 15 months. One of the main factors responsible for the poor prognosis of GBM is resistance to treatment with temozolomide (TMZ), which has been attributed\u2014among other factors\u2014to autophagy. Preclinical studies have shown that the combination of disulfiram (DSF) with copper (Cu) possesses anti-GBM activity, through various mechanisms, including re-sensitization to TMZ. Herein, we tested for the first time the effects of DSF and Cu in combination with TMZ on the survival of Fischer rats bearing F98 glioma, a model characterized by inherent resistance to TMZ. Tumor size evaluation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging as well as immunofluorescence analysis of two autophagy markers, namely microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1)\/p62 (p62),\u00a0were also performed. According to our results, TMZ-DSF-Cu significantly increased mean survival and induced both LC3 and p62 autophagy markers. Interestingly, these results could not be achieved in the absence of Cu, neither in the presence of TMZ alone, suggesting the importance of combining DSF with Cu in order to sensitize glioma to TMZ, presumably via implication of autophagy modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T15:28:18Z","timestamp":1771428498000},"page":"1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Disulfiram and Copper in Combination with Temozolomide on Survival, Tumor Size and Autophagy Markers in an F98 Rat Glioma Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5445-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros N.","family":"Karamanakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Olympion General Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, Volou and Milihou, 26443 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Fouka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical-Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens\u2014BRFAA, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-2456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diamanto","family":"Aretha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftheria S.","family":"Panteli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8496-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Panopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging Center \u201cAlphavet\u201d, 40 Filosofon Street, 14564 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9828-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Kletsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Ageing, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Agia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Goussia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3932-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Papoudou-Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argyro","family":"Zacharioudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOEMTECH, 15344 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios T.","family":"Trafalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5124-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyriakos","family":"Orfanakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Therapy, 401 General Military Hospital, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Marselos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7038-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Xilouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical-Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens\u2014BRFAA, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Papalois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenous St. Engomi, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae145","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2017\u20132021","volume":"26","author":"Price","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro 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