{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1772101534598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAPESP\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["2020\/12954-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/12954-2"]}]},{"name":"PNPD\/CAPES","award":["88887.631486\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.631486\/2021-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autogenous grafts remain the gold standard for repairing extensive maxillofacial bone defects, but their associated morbidity motivates the search for alternative strategies in tissue bioengineering. Deciduous dental pulp stem cells (DDPSCs) represent a promising cell source due to their accessibility, multipotency, and osteogenic potential, while nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite (cHA) microspheres exhibit biochemical similarity to bone mineral and favorable bioabsorption. This study investigated the osteogenic response induced by the association of DDPSCs with cHA in a rat calvaria critical-size defect model. DDPSCs were expanded, seeded onto cHA microspheres, and characterized in vitro prior to bilateral implantation in 12 Wistar rats, with each animal receiving cHA + DDPSC on the right defect and acellular cHA on the left. After 60 and 90 days, histological and histomorphometric analyses revealed new bone formation in both groups, predominantly from the defect margins toward the center. At 60 days, no significant difference in newly formed bone was observed between groups (p = 0.249). At 90 days, the DDPSC + cHA group demonstrated significantly greater bone formation compared with acellular cHA (median 40.70 vs. 11.10 histomorphometric points; p = 0.028) and significant reduction in connective tissue (p = 0.028). Complete scaffold resorption was observed in all DDPSC-treated defects at 90 days, whereas residual biomaterial persisted in the cHA group (p = 0.015), indicating progressive cHA resorption over time. These findings suggest that combining DDPSCs with cHA enhances bone regeneration and that this synthetic, bioabsorbable scaffold represents a promising strategy for future applications in bone tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27042005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T10:32:37Z","timestamp":1771583557000},"page":"2005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bone Tissue Bioengineering for Craniofacial and Dental Applications: Association of Deciduous Dental Pulp Stem Cells to Carbonated Hydroxyapatite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nidia Silva","family":"Marinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Cristina Gomes","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana Terezinha Neves Novelino","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24020-140, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6738-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia de Almeida","family":"Mattos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Rodrigues","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade Israelita de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05652-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0347-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Ferreira","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade Israelita de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05652-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ricardo Muniz","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, R-Crio Stem Cells, Rua Cumaru 204, Campinas 13098-324, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gutemberg Gomes","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24020-141, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1184-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Frederico Bernardo","family":"Lenz e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago Schneider Werner","family":"Vianna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade Israelita de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05652-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5759-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Diuana","family":"Calasans-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro 24020-140, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Fernando","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24020-141, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5932-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Franco","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-060, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade Israelita de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05652-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, R-Crio Stem Cells, Rua Cumaru 204, Campinas 13098-324, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowgierd, K., Pokrowiecki, R., and Borowiec, M. 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