{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:26:15Z","timestamp":1772101575180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Finalizzata 2007","award":["H61J08000200001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H61J08000200001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies conducted in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients have shown alterations in inflammation and metabolism. Our objective was to investigate potential treatment-related effects on these systems in Italian FEP patients undergoing either an experimental treatment consisting of a multi-element psychosocial intervention (EXP), including cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy, or treatment as usual (TAU). A total of 191 FEP patients with first contact between April 2010 and March 2011 were clinically assessed at baseline and after 9 months of treatment, and the serum levels of 19 analytes were determined through single or multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A significant increase was observed in leptin levels and a significant decrease in Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels during the treatment (time effect, p &lt; 0.001 for both), with no significant interaction between time and treatment type. Although ghrelin levels changed significantly over time in the whole cohort (p = 0.008), a significant decrease was observed only in the EXP group (post hoc test: p = 0.001). None of the biomarkers measured at baseline showed a predictive effect on treatment efficacy, and no significant associations were identified between changes in clinical scores and changes in biomarker levels. These results suggest that early-phase psychosis treatments are associated with possible effects on metabolic regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27042065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:39:10Z","timestamp":1771846750000},"page":"2065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploration of Early-Treatment-Associated Changes in Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in First-Episode Psychosis in Italian Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Maffioletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"},{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4101-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Zanardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, ASST-Valcamonica, 25040 Esine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9665-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Tosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bonetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-2382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Ballarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lasalvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Sciences (CISMed), University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Gennarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Geviti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the GET-UP Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-603X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisella","family":"Bocchio-Chiavetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03070-5","article-title":"Precision Psychiatry Roadmap: Towards a Biology-Informed Framework for Mental Disorders","volume":"30","author":"Kas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. 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