{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:15:39Z","timestamp":1788509739686,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biology and the Master of Science in Biology Program at Merrimack College"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the cellular and mitochondrial toxicities of the pentacyclic triterpenoid and plant-specialized metabolite ursolic acid (UA) in human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. Cell viability and clonogenic assays showed that UA induced potent cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells. Confocal images of living cells showed that UA caused a depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and spectrophotometric measurement of electron transport chain enzyme activity in isolated organelles showed that UA induced a dose-dependent decrease in mitochondrial succinate-cytochrome reductase activity. These results demonstrate a direct, site-specific inhibitory effect of UA on mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Furthermore, the efficacy of a drug combination aimed concurrently at both major pathways of ATP production in breast cancer cells was investigated. The data show that when MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells were treated with UA in combination with either 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 3-bromopyruvate, two inhibitors of glycolysis, the resulting cytotoxicity was greater than that induced by any of the compounds used independently. The results of this study are important in that they demonstrate direct mitochondrial targets of UA and suggest the possibility of using this natural, plant-derived metabolite in combination with glycolytic inhibitors as a novel and effective dual treatment strategy for breast cancer cell killing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27042067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:00:52Z","timestamp":1771840852000},"page":"2067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating the In Vitro Mitochondria-Mediated Anticancer Activity of the Plant Metabolite Ursolic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Josephine S.","family":"Modica-Napolitano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Nixdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0267-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Iacovella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Guerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3716-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azam","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, January 02). 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