{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:09:05Z","timestamp":1771931345841,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand, Research and Researcher for Industries","award":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RRI63004-P06"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University and the Thailand Research Fund","award":["N42A671052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A671052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultraviolet (UV) exposure accelerates skin aging by inducing oxidative stress, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and epidermal barrier dysfunction. This study investigated the protective effects of Brazilian pepper tree (SB), neem (SD), and Vietnamese coriander (PP) leaf extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 with ethanol as a co-solvent against radiation-induced cellular damage. Among these, SB yielded the greatest amount of extract and exhibited the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid constituents, including naringin, epicatechin gallate, and rosmarinic acid. These compounds, identified through HPLC profiling, were associated with strong inhibition of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase, and exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. Under UVC-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes, SB markedly enhanced the mRNA expression of key genes involved in ECM integrity (COL1A1, 3.04 \u00b1 0.15-fold), epidermal barrier and hydration (FLG, 4.66 \u00b1 0.17-fold; HAS1, 1.90 \u00b1 0.14-fold), and cellular defense mechanisms (SIRT1, 3.83 \u00b1 0.54-fold), demonstrating superior efficacy to reference antioxidants (EGCG and ascorbic acid) in upregulating key barrier genes like FLG. Overall, the findings highlight SB as the extract with the most comprehensive photoprotective properties and support the use of SFE-derived botanical extracts as promising agents for natural and photoprotective skincare applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:14:44Z","timestamp":1771928084000},"page":"2092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effects of Schinus terebinthifolius Leaf Supercritical Fluid Extract Against UVC-Induced Oxidative Stress: A Com-Prehensive Gene Expression Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4465-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanakarn","family":"Chaithep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Philosophy Program in Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anurak","family":"Muangsanguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Castagnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s, s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Marti-Quijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s, s\/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8157-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornchai","family":"Rachtanapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6297-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaiwat","family":"Arjin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0089-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Korawan","family":"Sringarm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Cluster of Valorization and Bio-Green Transformation for Translation Research Innovation of Raw Materials and Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group in Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food (ALISOST), Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda. 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