{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:50:14Z","timestamp":1790344214341,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programs of China","award":["2023YFD1301004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1301004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023M730998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M730998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that adversely affects directly exposed individuals, yet the intergenerational consequences of paternal ZEN exposure remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of paternal ZEN exposure on hepatic outcomes in F1 offspring, with a focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms. Kunming male mice (F0) were fed a ZEN-supplemented diet (10 mg\/kg bw\/day) for 5 weeks. Their F1 offspring developed hepatic steatosis, elevated oxidative stress, and a chronic inflammatory state. Proteomic analysis of F1 livers revealed significant dysregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways, including NF-\u03baB and chemokine signaling, with reduced MHC-I and increased MHC-II levels. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how paternal ZEN exposure disrupts hepatic immune-metabolic homeostasis in F1 offspring, highlighting a critical and understudied pathway in intergenerational toxicology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:14:44Z","timestamp":1771928084000},"page":"2093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Paternal Zearalenone Exposure Is Associated with Hepatic Dysfunction in F1 Offspring: Insights from Proteomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hira","family":"Sayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1912-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenqian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaigai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinglin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongpeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiugang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2363-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, A.K., Samota, M.K., Kumar, A., Silva, A.S., and Dubey, N.K. 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