{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:54:11Z","timestamp":1778615651776,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is essential for renal function; however, it is toxic at high concentrations. H2S is increased during reductive stress (RS). Increased antioxidant capacity and reduced\/oxidized glutathione (GSH\/GSSG) characterize a rat model of RS associated with chronic consumption of 6% Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus (HSL). Here, we evaluate if chronic consumption of an infusion of HSL causes kidney damage associated with an increase in H2S. Twenty-one Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Group 1: rats received plain tap water ad libitum (G1); Group 2: rats received an ad libitum infusion of 6% HSL for one month (G2); and Group 3: rats consumed a 6% HSL infusion for one month and were then given natural water for another month (G3). We evaluated renal vasodilatation, cystathionine\u2013\u03b2\u2013synthase (CBS), cystathionine\u2013\u03b3\u2013lyase (CSE), 3\u2013mercaptopyruvate-sulfur-transferase (3\u2013MST), \u03b3-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCLC), Nrf2, total OXPHOS, H2S concentration, GSH\/GSSG and oxidized\/reduced thiols in the kidney. Renal vasodilatation and total OXPHOS in complex IV and I and oxidized\/reduced thiols were decreased (p \u2264 0.01) but H2S, CBS, SCE, GCLC, and NrF2 expression and GSH\/GSSG were increased (p \u2264 0.04). The HSL infusion provided cysteine that was metabolized by CBS and CSE, elevating chronic H2S and favoring renal damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"2190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Chronic Elevated Consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus Results in Kidney Damage Associated with Excess H2S"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Linaloe","family":"Manzano-Pech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology UNAM, Facultad de Medicina y Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Direction, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8518-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Castrej\u00f3n-Tellez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8050-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Soria-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Guarner-Lans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1910-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Caballero-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology UNAM, Facultad de Medicina y Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1767-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Memije","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de Electromechanical Instrumentation, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3669-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Torres-Narv\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de Pharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5235-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"El-Hafidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"P\u00e9rez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Juan Badiano 1, Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1289","article-title":"The roles of hydrogen sulfide in renal physiology and disease states","volume":"44","author":"Jianan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, K.F., and Pfeilschifter, J. (2022). The pathophysiology of H2S in renal glomerular diseases. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020207"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1139\/y11-086","article-title":"Effect of glycine on the cyclooxygenase pathway of the kidney arachidonic acid metabolism in a rat model of metabolic syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Ibarra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12131","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15855","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy associates with deregulation of enzymes involved in kidney sulphur","volume":"24","author":"Uyy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.149963","article-title":"Production and actions of hydrogen sulfide, a novel gaseous bioactive substance, in the kidneys","volume":"329","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.240242","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor sulfhydrates potassium channels","volume":"109","author":"Mustafa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16567","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700605200","article-title":"H2S, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis of insulin-secreting \u03b2 cells","volume":"282","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2011.06.003","article-title":"Modulation of sulfide oxidation and toxicity in rat mitochondria by dehydroascorbic acid","volume":"1807","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2022.0067","article-title":"A Metabolic paradigm for hydrogen sulfide signaling via electron transport chain plasticity","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benchoam, D., Cuevasanta, E., M\u00f6ller, M.N., and Alvarez, B. (2019). Hydrogen sulfide and persulfides oxidation by biologically relevant oxidizing species. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8020048"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Li, Y., and Gao, H. (2022). Generation and physiology of hydrogen sulfide and reactive sulfur species in bacteria. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122487"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4451","article-title":"Roles of hydrogen sulfide in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"17","author":"Szabo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, C., Turnea, M.A., and Rotariu, M. (2023). Hydrogen sulfide: An emerging regulator of oxidative stress and cellular homeostasis-a comprehensive one-year review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091737"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2174\/1871525711311010006","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus (Malvaceae), curcumin and resveratrol as alternative medicinal agents against metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzano-Pech, L., Soto, M.E., Castrej\u00f3n-Tellez, V., Guarner-Lans, V., P\u00e9rez-Flores, A.A., Caballero-Chac\u00f3n, S., Mart\u00ednez-Memije, R., Rubio-Ruiz, M.E., Rodr\u00edguez-Fierros, F.L., and Torres-Narv\u00e1ez, J.C. (2025). Impaired renal function due to reductive stress is associated with excessive consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.2288.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2310","article-title":"Amino acid profile of Hibiscus Sabdariffa","volume":"4","author":"Shagal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.035","article-title":"Antioxidant\u2019 berries, anthocyanins, resveratrol and rosmarinic acid oxidize hydrogen sulfide to polysulfides and thiosulfate: A novel mechanism underlying their biological actions","volume":"165","author":"Kenneth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20020","article-title":"Alteration of the aortic vascular reactivity associated to excessive consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus: Preliminary findings","volume":"9","author":"Soto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzano-Pech, L., Guarner-Lans, V., Soto, M.E., D\u00edaz-D\u00edaz, E., Caballero-Chac\u00f3n, S., D\u00edaz-Torres, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Fierros, F.L., and P\u00e9rez-Torres, I. (2022). Excessive consumption Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Increases inflammation and blood pressure in male wistar rats via high antioxidant capacity: The Preliminary findings. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182774"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7803","article-title":"Metabolic responses to reductive stress","volume":"32","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.140223","article-title":"Hormesis: The dose-response revolution","volume":"43","author":"Calabrese","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530318666180426100532","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide in Diabetic Complications: Focus on Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Torres, I., Guarner-Lans, V., and Rubio-Ruiz, E.E. (2017). Reductive stress in inflammation-associated diseases and the pro-oxidant effect of antioxidant agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102098"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, M.J., Pimp\u00e3o, A.B., Fernandes, D.G.F., Morello, J., Sequeira, C.O., Calado, J., Antunes, A.M.M., Almeida, M.S., Branco, P., and Monteiro, E.C. (2022). Cysteine as a Multifaceted player in kidney, the Cysteine-Related Thiolome and its implications for precision medicine. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041416"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(84)90318-6","article-title":"D-cysteine as a selective precursor for inorganic sulfate in the rat in vivo: Effect of D-cysteine on the sulfation of harmol","volume":"33","author":"Glazenburg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2371","article-title":"A novel pathway for the production of hydrogen sulfide from D-cysteine in mammalian cells","volume":"4","author":"Shibuya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32829b8fd0","article-title":"The novel gaseous vasorelaxant hydrogen sulfide inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity of endothelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Laggner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"107","article-title":"Molecular structure and function of afferent and efferent arterioles","volume":"64","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200305000-00003","article-title":"Tubulointerstitial disease: Role of ischemia and microvascular disease","volume":"12","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., He, F., Yu, X., Li, T., Zhou, L., and Shen, B. (2025). Hyperuricemia-induced kidney injury: A narrative review of mechanisms and therapeutic advances. BMC Nephrol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04414-7"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00907-0","article-title":"Crosstalk between glomeruli and tubules","volume":"21","author":"Fogo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0852-8","article-title":"Cross-talk between arterioles and tubules in the kidney","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.350","article-title":"Chronic hypoxia as a mechanism of progression of chronic kidney diseases: From hypothesis to novel therapeutics","volume":"74","author":"Fine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0020","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induces Keap1\u2009S-sulfhydration and suppresses diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis via Nrf2 activation","volume":"65","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr183","article-title":"Beneficial Role of Nrf2 in Regulating NADPH Generation and Consumption","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.199919","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide mediates cardioprotection through Nrf2 signaling","volume":"105","author":"Calvert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201110131","article-title":"The impact of the unfolded protein response on human disease","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00304","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20150147","article-title":"S-sulfhydration as a cellular redox regulation","volume":"36","author":"Iciek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.09.007","article-title":"Nrf2: Redox and metabolic regulator of stem cell state and function","volume":"26","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Med. Mol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"3429","article-title":"Nrf2 enhances resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, the dark side of Nrf2","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.040","article-title":"Nrf2-regulated glutathione recycling independent of biosynthesis is critical for cell survival during oxidative stress","volume":"46","author":"Harvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra86","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002329","article-title":"H2S-Induced sulfhydration of the phosphatase PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response","volume":"4","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curieses-Andr\u00e9s, C.M., Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, M., Andr\u00e9s-Juan, C., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2023). Chemistry of hydrogen sulfide-pathological and physiological functions in mammalian cells. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232684"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2025.105573","article-title":"Sulfur metabolism regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress survival through the interaction between cystathionine beta-synthase and Sec14 protein","volume":"324","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1161","article-title":"The inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase by the gases carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide","volume":"252","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100950","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide stimulates lipid biogenesis from glutamine that is dependent on the mitochondrial NAD(P)H pool","volume":"297","author":"Carballal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"244","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney injury, inflammation, and disease: Potential therapeutic approaches Kidney","volume":"39","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2025.104983","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in fibrotic diseases: Research progress and MSC-exos therapy","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00046.2014","article-title":"Macrophages in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2","article-title":"The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals","volume":"64","author":"Jia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/88.5.1269","article-title":"Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines by the Ph differential method: Collaborative study","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.026","article-title":"A novel and automated assay for thiol\/disulphide homeostasis","volume":"49","author":"Erel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padiya, R., Chowdhury, D., Borkar, R., Srinivas, R., Bhadra, M.P., and Banerjee, S.K. (2014). Garlic attenuates cardiac oxidative stress via activation of PI3K\/AKT\/Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in fructose-fed diabetic rat. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094228"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"18","article-title":"Conversion of a qualitative screening test to a quantitative measurement of urinary cystine and homocystine","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1021\/tx7000916","article-title":"Oxidation process of adrenaline in freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes: Formation of adrenochrome, quinoproteins, and GSH adduct","volume":"20","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:34:31Z","timestamp":1772102071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27052190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27052190","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]}}}