{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:16:26Z","timestamp":1772817386491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306698\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306698\/2022-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The State of Rio de Janeiro Research Foundation","award":["E-26\/201.093\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.093\/2022"]}]},{"name":"The State of Rio de Janeiro Research Foundation","award":["E-26\/211.277\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/211.277\/2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23038.009431\/2021-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23038.009431\/2021-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation is a key feature in breast cancer progression, with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) playing an important role. NETs are DNA-based structures released by neutrophils that can promote tumor adhesion, invasion, and immune evasion. Another crucial mechanism is the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that drives inflammation through cytokine release. Both mechanisms are present in tumors and may act synergistically. In this study, we evaluated how isolated NETs modulate the NLRP3 inflammasome in a human breast cancer model. Exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to NETs increased the expression of NLRP3, CASP1, and IL1B. Blocking IL-1R with Anakinra reduced IL1B expression, while inhibition of the P2X7 receptor with A740003 decreased NLRP3 and IL1B. ELISA confirmed that NETs stimulate IL-1\u03b2 release, which was reduced by MCC950, Anakinra, and A740003. Functionally, NETs accelerated tumor cell migration, and this effect was inhibited by MCC950 and Anakinra. Bioinformatics analysis of TCGA breast cancer samples showed differential inflammasome gene expression among subtypes and a positive correlation between inflammasome components and NET-related genes. These findings highlight the interplay between inflammatory and immune mechanisms in breast cancer progression and may support the development of new therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:41:02Z","timestamp":1772188862000},"page":"2230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammasome Activation by Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in the MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alexander Gon\u00e7alves da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evellyn","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2789-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor H.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laryssa D.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana L.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1111-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana M.","family":"Tilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"},{"name":"Integrated Center for Translational Oncology Research\u2014CIPOT, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7318-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robson","family":"Coutinho-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0044-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Medei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil"},{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil"},{"name":"National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Konig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5260-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robson Q.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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