{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:17:18Z","timestamp":1793276238024,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-048 and 114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-048 and 114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major global health burden, with growing evidence indicating that its origins extend back to early developmental stages. This narrative review integrates epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic experimental evidence to position inflammation as a life-course driver of kidney vulnerability rather than a late-stage consequence. Inflammation has emerged as a central mechanistic link connecting adverse prenatal and postnatal exposures to lifelong kidney vulnerability. We highlight the translational potential by identifying pathways amenable to early-life interventions that could modify disease trajectory. During fetal development, maternal nutritional status, metabolic stress, and inflammatory exposures influence nephron endowment, immune maturation, and epigenetic regulation, thereby shaping long-term CKD risk. In childhood, early immune dysregulation and low-grade inflammation contribute to disease initiation, defining critical windows for preventive and renoprotective interventions that can be implemented in at-risk populations. In adulthood and aging, persistent activation of cytokine signaling, inflammasomes, oxidative stress pathways, autophagy\u2013mitophagy imbalance, and cellular senescence drives progressive kidney injury, further amplified by gut microbiota dysbiosis and renin\u2013angiotensin system interactions. Emerging life-course strategies include maternal nutrition optimization, early-life risk stratification, targeted anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies, and microbiota-directed interventions tailored to developmental stage and individual risk profile. By emphasizing inflammation as a developmentally programmed and preventable process, this review underscores opportunities for early-life and transgenerational CKD prevention, translating mechanistic insights into actionable strategies for preventive medicine and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:52:38Z","timestamp":1772207558000},"page":"2244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Developmental Programming of Kidney Disease Across the Life Course: A Narrative Review Focused on Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2025.06.019","article-title":"Targeting Inflammation in CKD","volume":"86","author":"Nowak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. 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