{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:24:59Z","timestamp":1791897899504,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-140302OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-140302OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-SGR-01042."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-SGR-01042."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged as a versatile and powerful approach for cancer therapy, enabling the integration of material science, molecular biology, and immunology into multifunctional therapeutic platforms. Over the past decade, significant advances in nanoparticle design have expanded their potential beyond passive drug carriers toward systems capable of active targeting, microenvironment-responsive behavior, and immune modulation. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the major nanoparticle platforms developed for cancer treatment, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and bioinspired nanomaterials, with particular emphasis on their structure\u2013property relationships and biological interactions. We discuss key targeting strategies, spanning passive, active, stimuli-responsive, and cellular or immune-mediated approaches, and analyze how nanoparticles can overcome biological barriers imposed by the tumor microenvironment, such as abnormal vasculature, dense extracellular matrix, hypoxia, and immunosuppression. Special attention is given to nanoparticle-enabled cancer immunotherapy, including vaccine delivery, mRNA\u2013lipid nanoparticle systems, and combination strategies that integrate immunotherapy with conventional treatments. Finally, we critically examine safety, toxicity, and translational challenges that continue to limit the clinical impact of cancer nanomedicine, highlighting the importance of biologically informed design, manufacturing robustness, and regulatory considerations. By synthesizing current advances and identifying emerging trends, this review aims to provide a framework for the rational development of next-generation nanoparticle-based cancer therapies with improved clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:52:38Z","timestamp":1772207558000},"page":"2253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["From Nanoparticle Design to Clinical Translation in Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Puiggal\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Enginyeria Qu\u00edmica, Escola d\u2019Enginyeria de Barcelona Est, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de, Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, J.M., Compton, K., Dean, F.E., Fu, W., Gaw, B.L., Harvey, J.D., Henrikson, H.J., Lu, D., and Pennini, A. (2022). Cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 29 cancer groups from 2010 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. 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