{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:10:57Z","timestamp":1790392257856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-response protein that conveys cellular distress signals to the brain and activates neural pathways leading to weight loss. GDF15 levels are increased in glucocorticoid deficiency; however, multiple factors may influence its levels in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). The objective of this study was to determine circulating GDF15 levels in patients with PAI compared with a control group and to assess their associations with other clinical parameters. We included 37 patients (22 females) with autoimmune PAI and 47 healthy controls. Serum GDF15 levels, together with anthropometrical, hormonal and biochemical parameters, were assessed. Patients with PAI had significantly higher circulating GDF15 levels than controls did (1276.8 \u00b1 952.1 vs. 682.8 \u00b1 270.2 pg\/mL, p &lt; 0.001). In both groups, GDF15 levels were positively correlated with age (p &lt; 0.001). In patients with PAI, GDF15 showed positive correlations with disease duration and duration of autoimmune thyroid disease, gonadotropin levels, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage, and negative correlations with DHEAS and sex hormone levels. In conclusion, GDF15 levels are increased in patients with PAI compared with healthy controls and correlate with age and the duration of autoimmune disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:52:38Z","timestamp":1772207558000},"page":"2260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["GDF15 in Patients with Autoimmune Primary Adrenal Insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zdrojowy-We\u0142na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jowita","family":"Halupczok-\u017by\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kola\u010dkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Kuliczkowska-P\u0142aksej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jawiarczyk-Przyby\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Stachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iga","family":"Zendran-Zahorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Bolanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24042","article-title":"Non-homeostatic body weight regulation through a brainstem-restricted receptor for GDF15","volume":"550","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.07.018","article-title":"The MIC-1\/GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Energy Homeostasis: Implications for Obesity, Cachexia, and Other Associated Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bnna007","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa007","article-title":"GDF15: A Hormone Conveying Somatic Distress to the Brain","volume":"41","author":"Lockhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. 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