{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:52:41Z","timestamp":1787237561950,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Proyecto Fondecyt de Iniciaci\u00f3n en investigaci\u00f3n","award":["11250378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11250378"]}]},{"name":"Millennium Science Initiative Program","award":["ICN09_016\/ICN 2021_045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICN09_016\/ICN 2021_045"]}]},{"name":"UTA-mayor","award":["7709-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7709-25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health burden, with growing evidence highlighting microbial contributions to its pathogenesis. Certain genotoxigenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Helicobacter pylori, produce virulence factors that induce DNA damage, genomic instability, and chronic inflammation\u2014key features of carcinogenesis. At the same time, viruses such as JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), considered potentially oncogenic, and established oncogenic viruses like Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been detected in colorectal tissues and are linked to cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair through their viral proteins. Intriguingly, recent findings suggest that bacterial genotoxins may promote the reactivation or transcriptional activity of persistent viruses such as JCPyV and EBV, possibly through DNA damage-induced stress and activation of NF-\u03baB- or ATM-dependent signaling pathways. Despite these advances, interactions between oncogenic viruses and bacteria within the colon microbiome remain underexplored. This review integrates current evidence and provides future perspectives for addressing potential genotoxic collaboration between bacteria and viruses that could contribute to colorectal tumorigenesis. Elucidating these interactions could reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"2272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genotoxic Bacteria and Oncogenic Viruses in Colorectal Cancer: Evidence, Gaps, and a Proposed Interaction Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nickolas","family":"Salazar-Ulbrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncovirolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darling","family":"Haro-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncovirolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Aguayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncovirolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1, Arica 1000000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Quezada-Monr\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Tumoral, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"C\u00e1rcamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Cirug\u00eda, Hospital Base Valdivia, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9626-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Collado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enteropat\u00f3genos Bacterianos, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Carrillo-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncovirolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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