{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:11:38Z","timestamp":1772644298446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute myocardial infarction can lead to ventricular remodelling, which affects ventricular function and survival prognosis. Therefore, improving ventricular remodelling has become a focus of research. This study aims to investigate the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus leaf saponins (ASS) on cardiac function and left ventricular remodelling in a rat model of myocardial infarction, and explore its potential mechanism. Coronary artery ligation was used to establish a rat model of myocardial infarction, and ASS was administered orally for 28 days. After 28 days, cardiac function was evaluated by hemodynamic detection, and the levels of myocardial enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and fibrosis-related factors were detected. The degree of fibrosis was evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of collagen I and collagen III deposition. The expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were checked by Western blot. Compared with the Sham group, the cardiac function of the Model group was significantly impaired, and ASS administration could improve this change. In addition, compared with the Model group, ASS significantly alleviated myocardial injury, reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-\u03b1 and IL-\u03b2, improved the oxidative stress state, reduced the release of NT-propBNP, Ang II, ET-1 and inhibited myocardial fibrosis. Moreover, ASS could reduce the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increase the expression level of TIMP-1. In conclusion, ASS may inhibit left ventricular remodelling by reducing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:11:36Z","timestamp":1772629896000},"page":"2379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acanthopanax senticosus Saponins Mitigate Left Ventricular Remodelling and Inhibit the Induction of MMP-2, MMP-9 in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Xinjie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingshu","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianpeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, 977 Gongyuan Road, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024). GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 403, 2100\u20132132. Correction in Lancet 2024, 403, 1988."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2023.07.006","article-title":"Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"29","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2961","article-title":"Heart failure after myocardial infarction: Glass emptier than full","volume":"25","author":"Harrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: A comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00693-6","article-title":"Physical activity and the risk of heart failure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"36","author":"Aune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659771","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1659771","article-title":"Injection of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Leads to Ventricular Remodeling","volume":"2022","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81611-8","article-title":"A multi-omics approach identifies the key role of disorders of sphingolipid metabolism in Ang II-induced hypertensive cardiomyopathy myocardial remodeling","volume":"14","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114296","article-title":"Preventive Administration of Quercetin Promotes Survival and Reduces Adverse Ventricular Remodeling after myocardial infarction through facilitating M2-like macrophage polarization","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgae018","article-title":"Phillyrin improves myocardial remodeling in salt-sensitive hypertensive mice by reducing endothelin1 signaling","volume":"76","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113586","article-title":"A review of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr and Maxim.) harms: From ethnopharmacological use to modern application","volume":"268","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kos, G., Czarnek, K., Sadok, I., Krzyszczak-Turczyn, A., Kubica, P., Fila, K., Emre, G., Tatarczak-Michalewska, M., Latalska, M., and Blicharska, E. (2025). Eleutherococcus senticosus (Acanthopanax senticosus): An Important Adaptogenic Plant. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30122512"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X16500865","article-title":"Acanthopanax senticosus: Photochemistry and Anticancer Potential","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7555","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus on the neurological disorders","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03078G","article-title":"Memory enhancement effect of saponins from Eleutherococcus senticosus leaves and blood-brain barrier-permeated saponins profiling using a pseudotargeted monitoring strategy","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.108347","article-title":"Phenylpropanoids of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & maxim.) maxim. Alleviate oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease in vitro and in vivo models by regulating Mst1 and affecting the Nrf2\/Sirt3 pathway","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorganic Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Zhang, X., Kan, Q., and Chu, X. (2022). Antioxidant Activity of Acanthopanax senticosus Flavonoids in H(2)O(2)-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells and DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092872"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97423-3","article-title":"Immunostimulatory effects mechanism of polysaccharide extracted from Acanthopanax senticosus on RAW 264.7 cells through activating the TLR\/MAPK\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000001443","article-title":"Outcome of patients admitted with oxygen mismatch and myocardial injury or infarction in emergency departments","volume":"24","author":"Jacquin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00456-z","article-title":"Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology","volume":"23","author":"Sies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114055","article-title":"Cadmium cardiotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress and upregulated TLR-4\/NF-kB pathway in rats; protective role of agomelatine","volume":"180","author":"Alruhaimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.243162","article-title":"Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair","volume":"110","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kologrivova, I., Shtatolkina, M., Suslova, T., and Ryabov, V. (2021). Cells of the Immune System in Cardiac Remodeling: Main Players in Resolution of Inflammation and Repair After Myocardial Infarction. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.664457"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz336","article-title":"Cardiac monocytes and macrophages after myocardial infarction","volume":"116","author":"Peet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.J., Pan, X.X., Ding, L.L., Ruan, C.C., and Gao, P.J. (2021). Cardiac Fibroblast-Specific Knockout of PGC-1alpha Accelerates AngII-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.664626"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurzau, D., Sitar-Taut, A., Caloian, B., Gusetu, G., Comsa, H., Fringu, F., Zdrenghea, D., and Pop, D. (2021). The Role of IL-6 and ET-1 in the Diagnosis of Coronary MicroVascular Disease in Women. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11100965"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110690","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiac structure and function in rats with acute myocardial infarct","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.17145","article-title":"Predictors of Left Ventricle Remodeling: Combined Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide Decreasing Ratio and Peak Creatine Kinase-MB","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175482","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-21 inhibits stress overload-induced cardiac remodelling via the TIMP4\/MMP9 signalling pathway","volume":"940","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.02.020","article-title":"Prognostic implications of staging cardiac remodeling in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"355","author":"Stassen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacAskill, M.G., Reid, V.J.M., Alcaide-Corral, C.J., Morgan, T.E.F., Waddell, L., Thomson, A.J.W., Fujisawa, T., Mills, N.L., Marti, J.A., and Kurian, D. (2025). Longitudinal [18F]LW223 PET imaging of macrophage-driven inflammation following myocardial infarction in a rat model: Implications for left ventricular remodelling. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-025-07691-4"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:13:50Z","timestamp":1772630030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27052379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27052379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}}}