{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:18:49Z","timestamp":1772709529398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis in which inflammation plays a central pathogenic role. Endovascular revascularisation may transiently amplify inflammation due to vascular injury, but successful restoration of perfusion could reduce inflammatory burden over time. This prospective, observational, single-centre pilot study aimed to characterise the temporal dynamics of inflammatory biomarkers during the first three months following endovascular revascularisation of the lower limbs. Consecutive patients with PAD who underwent successful percutaneous femoropopliteal revascularisation at the Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia, between January 2022 and January 2024 were enrolled. Venous blood was obtained one hour before the procedure, one day afterwards, and again approximately three months later. Concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF\u03b1) were measured. Temporal changes in biomarker levels were analysed using Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests where appropriate. Clinical outcomes were evaluated at three months and one year post-procedure and were further verified through patient telephone interviews. The observed outcomes were worsening of PAD symptoms, newly diagnosed angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), or death. Twenty-eight patients (median age 69 years) completed all blood samplings. IL-6 concentrations increased significantly one day after revascularisation and decreased below preprocedural levels at three months, with significant differences observed across all time points (p &lt; 0.001). IL-10 and TNF\u03b1 decreased significantly between the postprocedural and three-month measurements (p = 0.012 and p = 0.016, respectively), but not below preprocedural levels. No significant changes were observed in hsCRP or IL-8. Over a median follow-up of 732 days, 9 patients experienced worsening PAD symptoms in the treated limb, 2 developed new-onset PAD symptoms in the contralateral limb, and 1 was newly diagnosed with angina pectoris. No myocardial infarction, stroke, TIA, or death occurred. To conclude, endovascular femoropopliteal revascularisation induces distinct short-term inflammatory responses, with IL-6 showing the most pronounced peri-procedural dynamics. The observed reductions in some inflammatory biomarker levels at three months suggest that restored limb perfusion may modulate systemic inflammation. Larger studies are warranted to clarify the prognostic relevance of these biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:31:14Z","timestamp":1772706674000},"page":"2404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Systemic Inflammatory Marker Levels Following Percutaneous Revascularisation of Lower Extremity Arteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7522-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Glogov\u0161ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9214-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ula","family":"Dobovi\u010dnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinko","family":"Boc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Boc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1879-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojca","family":"Bo\u017ei\u010d Mijovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Poredo\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Pelicon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, M., and Zhang, H. (2025). Global burden of peripheral arterial disease and its risk factors, 1990\u20132021. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-05055-2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104353","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"105","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A.J., Pavlatos, N., and Kalra, D.K. (2023). Preventive Therapies in Peripheral Arterial Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11123157"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae179","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases","volume":"45","author":"Mazzolai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.09.012","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease: A systematic review","volume":"293","author":"Agnelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djahanpour, N., Ahsan, N., Li, B., Khan, H., Connelly, K., Leong-Poi, H., and Qadura, M. (2023). A Systematic Review of Interleukins as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Peripheral Artery Disease. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111640"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl441","article-title":"Inflammatory, haemostatic, and rheological markers for incident peripheral arterial disease: Edinburgh Artery Study","volume":"28","author":"Tzoulaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobolevskaya, E.V., Shumkov, O.A., Smagin, M.A., Guskov, A.E., Malysheva, A.V., Atuchin, V.V., and Nimaev, V.V. (2023). Markers of Restenosis after Percutaneous Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109096"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e031922","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.031922","article-title":"Reversion of the Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","article-title":"A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"130","author":"Levey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.037","article-title":"Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)","volume":"45","author":"Norgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq030","article-title":"IL-6: From its discovery to clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.15.1767","article-title":"Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men","volume":"101","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-05-0297","article-title":"How much is too much? Interleukin-6 and its signalling in atherosclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Schuett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319716633339","article-title":"Plasma Levels of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results of a Cohort Study","volume":"67","author":"Signorelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23260-3","article-title":"Discovery of four plasmatic biomarkers potentially predicting cardiovascular outcome in peripheral artery disease","volume":"12","author":"Kremers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2014.12.006","article-title":"Interleukins and inflammatory markers in in-stent restenosis after femoral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty","volume":"29","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.029","article-title":"Circulating malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) as a novel predictor of clinical outcome after endovascular therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)","volume":"263","author":"Takamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.1.83","article-title":"Interleukin 6 expression in coronary circulation after coronary angioplasty as a risk factor for restenosis","volume":"84","author":"Hojo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"653045","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein: An In-Depth Look into Structure, Function, and Regulation","volume":"2014","author":"Salazar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.513085","article-title":"C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules as predictors of progressive peripheral atherosclerosis in the general population: Edinburgh Artery Study","volume":"112","author":"Tzoulaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574408316138","article-title":"C-reactive protein predicts future arterial and cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease","volume":"42","author":"Hogh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2251011809","article-title":"Vascular inflammation and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the femoropopliteal artery: Association with restenosis","volume":"225","author":"Schillinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-005-0159-0","article-title":"The role of coagulation and inflammation after angioplasty in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"29","author":"Wahlgren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026188200939","article-title":"Increase in interleukin-6 in the first hour after coronary stenting: An early marker of the inflammatory response","volume":"15","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.016105","article-title":"Time course of transcardiac interleukin-6 release after coronary stenting for stable angina","volume":"90","author":"Kefer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.2.203","article-title":"Early time course of the acute phase protein response in man","volume":"36","author":"Colley","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10760296231176815","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296231176815","article-title":"Revascularization of Peripheral Arteries in Patients with Intermittent Claudication Decreases Inflammatory Biomarkers","volume":"29","author":"Cevc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp241","article-title":"Interleukin 8 and cardiovascular disease","volume":"84","author":"Apostolakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gremmel, T., Perkmann, T., Kopp, C.W., Seidinger, D., Eichelberger, B., Koppensteiner, R., Steiner, S., and Panzer, S. (2015). Interleukin-6 and asymmetric dimethylarginine are associated with platelet activation after percutaneous angioplasty with stent implantation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122586"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa089","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 and Reactive Oxygen Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Lamb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.06.116","article-title":"Association of monocyte tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 expression and serum inflammatory biomarkers with walking impairment in peripheral artery disease","volume":"61","author":"Pande","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Lindner, E., Abuhalimeh, R., Shaikh, F., Younes, H., Abuhalimeh, B., Zamzam, A., Abdin, R., and Qadura, M. (2025). Interferon Gamma and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Are Inflammatory Biomarkers for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071586"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.08.013","article-title":"Interleukin-10 as a predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events in a racially and ethnically diverse population: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Goldwater","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.124831","article-title":"Elevation of serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 and decreased risk of coronary events in patients with unstable angina","volume":"144","author":"Anguera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095","article-title":"2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)","volume":"39","author":"Aboyans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2023.03.042","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice\u2014European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines on Antithrombotic Therapy for Vascular Diseases","volume":"65","author":"Twine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Core R Team (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2404\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:33:39Z","timestamp":1772706819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27052404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27052404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}}}