{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:48:35Z","timestamp":1773272915897,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["465656\/2014-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465656\/2014-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["306433\/2022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306433\/2022-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["444068\/2024-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["444068\/2024-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["309112\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309112\/2021-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["406836\/2024-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406836\/2024-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/210.181\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.181\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/203.926\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/203.926\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/210.046\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.046\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/200.564\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.564\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/200.533\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.533\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/210.824\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.824\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["88887.508141\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.508141\/2020-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Network of Studies for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Late Effects of COVID-19\/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","award":["E-26\/210.824\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.824\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients without overt glomerular dysfunction may develop tubular injury, referred to as subclinical acute kidney injury. The burden of COVID-19-related renal damage may therefore be underestimated, as current KDIGO criteria do not include tubular damage biomarkers (TDBs). This study evaluated kidney injury in patients with long COVID by assessing TDBs alongside glomerular biomarkers, proteinuria (UPCr) and albuminuria (UACr). In this cross-sectional study, 75 patients without prior chronic kidney disease were recruited from a long COVID outpatient clinic and stratified according to the time since SARS-CoV-2 infection into 6-, 12-, and 24-month post-COVID-19 groups (referred to as 6-, 12-, and 24-MPC, respectively). Overall, 49.3% of patients had normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR &gt;90 mL\/min\/1.73 m2), 34.7% showed mildly reduced eGFR (90\u201360), and 16% exhibited marked eGFR reduction (&lt;60). Among patients with normal eGFR, the combined mean prevalence (mean \u00b1 SD) of abnormal TDBs, UACr, and UPCr was 29.7 \u00b1 4.9%, indicating early tubular injury. Temporal analysis revealed a higher prevalence of TDB abnormalities at 6-MPC, whereas glomerular dysfunction was more pronounced at 24-MPC. These findings suggest that renal injury in long COVID is more prevalent than previously recognized and that TDB assessment may improve early detection of kidney damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:22:14Z","timestamp":1772788934000},"page":"2420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tubular Damage Biomarkers Are a Useful Tool for Identifying Early Renal Injury in Long COVID"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Caio V. B.","family":"Men\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo P.","family":"Silva-Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela S.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7147-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina R. G. R.","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Thoracic Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (HUCFF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luana S.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Thoracic Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (HUCFF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda C. Q.","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Thoracic Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (HUCFF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3116-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Lapa-e-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Thoracic Diseases, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (HUCFF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-8068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazareth N.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro 24210-201, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila M.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9443-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda F.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Network of Studies for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Late Effects of COVID-19, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3894-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Acacia S.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Network of Studies for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Late Effects of COVID-19, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Network of Studies for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Late Effects of COVID-19, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1412-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia R. M.","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Network of Studies for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Late Effects of COVID-19, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso","family":"Caruso-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Technologies in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Chronic and Neglected Diseases (INATEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Network of Studies for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Late Effects of COVID-19, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59012-w","article-title":"The risk of Long COVID symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies","volume":"16","author":"Routen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.12.1074","article-title":"Long COVID: Pathophysiology, current concepts, and future directions","volume":"155","author":"Skevaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01640-z","article-title":"The long-term health outcomes, pathophysiological mechanisms and multidisciplinary management of long COVID","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, May 26). Post COVID-19 Condition (Long COVID). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/post-covid-19-condition-(long-covid)."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EVIDe2300165","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDe2300165","article-title":"The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its role in long COVID","volume":"2","author":"Lineburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM Evid."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005","article-title":"Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00452-0","article-title":"Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"17","author":"Legrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01731-8","article-title":"Long-term renal outcomes of patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00126-6","article-title":"Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021060734","article-title":"Kidney Outcomes in Long COVID","volume":"32","author":"Bowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.197","article-title":"Subclinical AKI\u2014An emerging syndrome with important consequences","volume":"8","author":"Haase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111458","article-title":"Biomarkers of acute kidney injury: From discovery to the future of clinical practice","volume":"95","author":"Booke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c179","DOI":"10.1159\/000339789","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury","volume":"120","author":"Khwaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-018-00566-y","article-title":"Subclinical AKI: Ready for primetime in clinical practice?","volume":"32","author":"Vanmassenhove","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2193-8","article-title":"Subclinical acute kidney injury is associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill neonates and children","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-02937-0","article-title":"Could urinary kidney injury molecule-1 be a good marker in subclinical acute kidney injury in mild to moderate COVID-19 infection?","volume":"54","author":"Yasar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02124-6","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical acute kidney injury in children with mild-to-moderate COVID-19","volume":"93","author":"Saygili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.008","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Urinary Biomarkers in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19","volume":"79","author":"Menez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Aguiar, R.P., Teixeira, D.E., Peres, R.A.S., Peruchetti, D.B., Gomes, C.P., Schmaier, A.H., Rocco, P.R.M., Pinheiro, A.A.S., and Caruso-Neves, C. (2022). Subclinical acute kidney injury in COVID-19: Possible mechanisms and future perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214193"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11240","article-title":"Subclinical AKI is still AKI","volume":"16","author":"Ronco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.23.284","article-title":"Biomarkers in pursuit of precision medicine for acute kidney injury: Hard to get rid of customs","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (US) (2025, May 26). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK570371\/pdf\/Bookshelf_NBK570371.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03173-6","article-title":"Long COVID science, research and policy","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2523","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2523","article-title":"Risk of kidney and liver diseases after COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfae164","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae164","article-title":"Effects of ACE inhibitor\/ARB therapy and long COVID on kidney disease: A retrospective cohort study using real-world data","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2450014","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.50014","article-title":"Kidney Function Decline After COVID-19 Infection","volume":"7","author":"Mahalingasivam","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09610620","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in a National Cohort of Hospitalized US Veterans with COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Bowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolhe, N.V., Fluck, R.J., Selby, N.M., and Taal, M.W. (2020). Acute kidney injury associated with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3627261"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1159\/000511160","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients: An Inner City Hospital Experience and Policy Implications","volume":"51","author":"Zahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101724","article-title":"Long-term kidney function recovery and mortality after COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: An international multi-centre observational cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024). Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int., 105, S117\u2013S314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1159\/000508502","article-title":"Subclinical Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"144","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"362","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019: Acute Fanconi syndrome precedes acute kidney injury","volume":"13","author":"Kormann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.07.019","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 causes a specific dysfunction of the kidney proximal tubule","volume":"98","author":"Werion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.003","article-title":"Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China","volume":"98","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2022.166496","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibits megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells","volume":"1868","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167155","article-title":"Toll like receptor 4 mediates the inhibitory effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on proximal tubule albumin endocytosis","volume":"1870","author":"Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.014","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration","volume":"12","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-0516-9","article-title":"Impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on renal function in participants with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease with normoalbuminuria","volume":"12","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.4301","article-title":"The value of measuring urinary \u03b22-microglobulin and serum creatinine for detecting tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome in young patients with uveitis","volume":"133","author":"Hettinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00433.x","article-title":"Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury","volume":"62","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.51620\/0869-2084-2021-66-9-517-524","article-title":"On normalizing of urinary KIM-1 level to urine creatinine in patients with renal cell cancer","volume":"66","author":"Sergeeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Klin. Lab. Diagn"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.374","article-title":"ADQI 10 workgroup. Potential use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: Report and summary of recommendations from the 10th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference","volume":"85","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfae412","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae412","article-title":"Ten tips on how to reduce iatrogenic acute kidney injury","volume":"18","author":"Booke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1773219652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27052420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27052420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]}}}