{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:27:23Z","timestamp":1773916043664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K15912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K15912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP223fa627004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"WISE"},{"name":"Asahi Kasei Life Science Co. LTD"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high-risk infectious disease or a Category A pathogen, Lassa virus (LASV), requires strict containment, classified as biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) conditions, which restricts research on the virus due to the scarcity of BSL-4 facilities. Thus, replication-defective pseudotyped retroviral vectors have been widely used as safe materials for neutralizing activity assays of drugs and antibodies in BSL-2. Here, we established a novel retroviral vector system encoding LASV glycoprotein complex (GPC) that can exclusively replicate in cells expressing the Gag-Pol protein of murine leukemia virus (MLV) under BSL-2 conditions. Using this conditional replication system, we successfully isolated LASV GPC variants resistant to either an anti-LASV compound, lamellarin \u03b1 20-sulfate, or a neutralizing antibody derived from a Lassa fever survivor. In the lamellarin \u03b1 20-sulfate-resistant variants, K125E and H13R amino acid substitutions cooperatively conferred resistance. The K125E enhanced infectivity and simultaneously conferred a lethal effect on cells in the conditional replication system, while the H13R mitigated the latter effect, thereby enabling stable expression of LASV GPC in cells. In the neutralizing antibody-resistant variants, I403T substitution was responsible for the resistance by impairing antibody binding. This study provides a valuable BSL-2-based platform for isolating LASV GPC variants resistant to inhibitors and characterizing their mutations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:16:12Z","timestamp":1773051372000},"page":"2501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Conditional Replication System Using a Lassa Virus Glycoprotein Complex-Encoding Retroviral Vector for Isolating Resistant Variants to Inhibitors in BSL-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5553-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manya Bakatumana","family":"Hans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical Medicine and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4156-8953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita Moendat","family":"Fanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical Medicine and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Protection Center, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koushirou","family":"Suga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masatomo","family":"Iwao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4585-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1641-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Integrative Omics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3746-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hironori","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Integrative Omics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9050-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier Tshiani","family":"Mbaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Kotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Integrative Omics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6592-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinao","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical Medicine and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25280","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25280","article-title":"New hosts of the Lassa virus","volume":"6","author":"Olayemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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