{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:29:21Z","timestamp":1773116961489,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University","award":["TSA-2020-1166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSA-2020-1166"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the increasing burden of diet-induced metabolic dysregulation, preventive nutritional strategies targeting early insulin resistance are of growing interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of white tea supplementation on body weight gain, insulin resistance, and the Gremlin-1\/Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 (BMP-4) axis in visceral adipose tissue under high-fat diet conditions in a non-obese experimental model. Thirty-two male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n = 8\/group): standard diet (control), only high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet plus orlistat (ORL: 30 mg\/kg\/day), and high-fat diet plus white tea (WT: 5 mg\/kg\/day). Interventions were administered once daily by oral gavage for 12 weeks. Body weight was recorded weekly. At the end of the study, serum insulin, Gremlin-1, and BMP-4 and retroperitoneal adipose tissue Gremlin-1 and BMP-4 levels were measured by ELISA. Adipose tissue GREM1 gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Insulin resistance was estimated using the HOMA-IR index. Appropriate statistical analyses were conducted in line with the study design and data distribution. High-fat feeding resulted in the highest HOMA-IR values, whereas white tea supplementation reduced HOMA-IR compared to the HFD group (p = 0.008). Body weight gain was increased in both the HFD and ORL groups compared to the control (p = 0.009 and p = 0.012, respectively). The lowest weight gain was observed in the WT group, which was lower than the HFD group (p = 0.044). GREM1 expression showed a 1.92-fold increase in the HFD group relative to the control, with smaller increases in the WT and ORL groups; however, intergroup differences did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.063). Serum BMP-4 levels were lower in the WT group compared to the control (p = 0.012), while tissue BMP-4 and Gremlin-1 levels did not differ between groups. Correlation analyses revealed a moderate inverse association between serum Gremlin-1 and serum BMP-4 (rho = \u22120.493, p = 0.011) and a moderate positive correlation between serum BMP-4 and HOMA-IR (rho = 0.564, p = 0.003). White tea supplementation attenuated body weight gain and preserved insulin sensitivity in a non-obese high-fat diet model, as evidenced by reduced weight gain and lower HOMA-IR values compared with high-fat feeding alone. These metabolic improvements were accompanied by coordinated changes in circulating components of the Gremlin-1\/BMP-4 axis, including reduced serum BMP-4 levels and associations between BMP-4, Gremlin-1, and insulin resistance. Although tissue-level alterations were modest, the observed systemic patterns are consistent with an exploratory association between white tea intake and early metabolic signaling changes; however, definitive pathway modulation cannot be inferred from the present dataset. Collectively, these findings support white tea as a nutrient-derived bioactive with preventive metabolic potential during the early stages of diet-induced metabolic dysregulation, prior to the development of overt obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T15:49:42Z","timestamp":1773071382000},"page":"2512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutrient-Derived Modulation of the Gremlin-1\/BMP-4 Axis by White Tea Preserves Insulin Sensitivity During Early Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8321-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Medeni","family":"Arpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53020 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bayram","family":"\u015een","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Core Laboratory, Research and Training Hospital, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehtap","family":"Atak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53020 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-1897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fclya","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, 53020 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boushey, C., Ard, J., Bazzano, L., Heymsfield, S., Mayer-Davis, E., Sabat\u00e9, J., Snetselaar, L., Van Horn, L., Schneeman, B., and English, L.K. (2020). Dietary Patterns and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review.","DOI":"10.52570\/NESR.DGAC2020.SR0108"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, V. (2024). High-Fat Diet, Epigenetics, and Atherosclerosis: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010127"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0011","article-title":"Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Health","volume":"47","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.N., Hou, C.Y., Hsu, W.H., and Tain, Y.L. (2021). Early-Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Preventive Aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111872"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155142","article-title":"Insulin: The master regulator of glucose metabolism","volume":"129","author":"Norton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63657-8_14","article-title":"Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Lipotoxicity","volume":"1460","author":"Demir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01446-8","article-title":"Dysmetabolic adipose tissue in obesity: Morphological and functional characteristics of adipose stem cells and mature adipocytes in healthy and unhealthy obese subjects","volume":"44","author":"Porro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160254","article-title":"Structure of Gremlin-1 and analysis of its interaction with BMP-2","volume":"473","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80067-2","article-title":"The Xenopus dorsalizing factor Gremlin identifies a novel family of secreted proteins that antagonize BMP activities","volume":"1","author":"Hsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.09.004","article-title":"Role of gremlin-1 in the pathophysiology of the adipose tissues","volume":"69","author":"Grillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.091728","article-title":"Loss of gremlin delays primordial follicle assembly but does not affect female fertility in mice","volume":"85","author":"Myers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107293","article-title":"Circ_DHRS3 positively regulates GREM1 expression by competitively targeting miR-183-5p to modulate IL-1\u03b2-administered chondrocyte proliferation, apoptosis and ECM degradation","volume":"91","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elemam, N.M., Malek, A.I., Mahmoud, E.E., El-Huneidi, W., and Talaat, I.M. (2022). Insights into the Role of Gremlin-1, a Bone Morphogenic Protein Antagonist, in Cancer Initiation and Progression. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020301"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101138","article-title":"Nox1\/Ref-1-mediated activation of CREB promotes Gremlin1-driven endothelial cell proliferation and migration","volume":"22","author":"DeVallance","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"62","article-title":"Gremlin is a downstream profibrotic mediator of transforming growth factor-beta in cultured renal cells","volume":"122","author":"Lavoz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavoz, C., Rodrigues-Diez, R.R., Plaza, A., Carpio, D., Egido, J., Ruiz-Ortega, M., and Mezzano, S. (2020). VEGFR2 Blockade Improves Renal Damage in an Experimental Model of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020302"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800019-JLR200","article-title":"Dead adipocytes, detected as crown-like structures, are prevalent in visceral fat depots of genetically obese mice","volume":"49","author":"Murano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paiva, L., Rego, C., Lima, E., Marcone, M., and Baptista, J. (2021). Comparative Analysis of the Polyphenols, Caffeine, and Antioxidant Activities of Green Tea, White Tea, and Flowers from Azorean Camellia sinensis Varieties Affected by Different Harvested and Processing Conditions. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020183"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1852171","article-title":"Plant extracts in prevention of obesity","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1378","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00698.2006","article-title":"EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure, and protects against myocardial I\/R injury in SHR","volume":"292","author":"Potenza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14264","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14264","article-title":"Health benefits of polyphenols: A concise review","volume":"46","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934674","article-title":"The anti-obesity and health-promoting effects of tea and coffee","volume":"70","author":"Sirotkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Torres, I., Castrej\u00f3n-T\u00e9llez, V., Soto, M.E., Rubio-Ruiz, M.E., Manzano-Pech, L., and Guarner-Lans, V. (2021). Oxidative Stress, Plant Natural Antioxidants, and Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041786"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19897","article-title":"Obesity Management in Adults: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00354-w","article-title":"MicroRNA-mediated regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Agbu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01333-7","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in metabolic diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical study","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.07.022","article-title":"The crosstalk between metabolism and translation","volume":"36","author":"Biffo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105834","article-title":"Metabolic enzymes function as epigenetic modulators: A Trojan Horse for chromatin regulation and gene expression","volume":"173","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"E160","article-title":"Dietary supplements for obesity","volume":"63","author":"Bonetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135048","article-title":"Anti-obesity mechanism of Ganpu tea revealed by microbiome, metabolome and transcriptome analyses","volume":"412","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146553","article-title":"White tea alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating energy expenditure and lipid metabolism","volume":"833","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakadate, K., Kawakami, K., and Yamazaki, N. (2023). Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Synergistic Effects of Green Tea Catechins and Citrus \u03b2-Cryptoxanthin Ingestion in Obese Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087054"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12272","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c00973","article-title":"Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Obesity-Associated Metabolic Syndrome via Regulating Autophagy and Lipolysis in Preadipocytes and Adipose Tissue","volume":"73","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delgadillo-Puga, C., Torre-Villalvazo, I., Noriega, L.G., Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, L.A., Alem\u00e1n, G., Torre-Anaya, E.A., Cari\u00f1o-Cervantes, Y.Y., Palacios-Gonzalez, B., Furuzawa-Carballeda, J., and Tovar, A.R. (2023). Pecans and Its Polyphenols Prevent Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis and Diabetes by Reducing Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Increasing Energy Expenditure in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112591"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.015792","article-title":"Dietary (Poly)phenols, Brown Adipose Tissue Activation, and Energy Expenditure: A Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Mele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-022-00996-x","article-title":"Quercetin, Engelitin and Caffeic Acid of Smilax china L. Polyphenols, Stimulate 3T3-L1 Adipocytes to Brown-like Adipocytes Via \u03b23-AR\/AMPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"77","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parafati, M., La Russa, D., Lascala, A., Crupi, F., Riillo, C., Fotschki, B., Mollace, V., and Janda, E. (2024). Dramatic Suppression of Lipogenesis and No Increase in Beta-Oxidation Gene Expression Are among the Key Effects of Bergamot Flavonoids in Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.0784.v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X22500550","article-title":"Smilax china Polyphenols Stimulate Browning via \u03b23-Adrenergic Receptor\/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase \u03b1 Signaling Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes","volume":"50","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yurtseven, K., and Y\u00fccecan, S. (2024). Exploring the Potential of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Combating Insulin Resistance and Diabetes. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244360"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155563","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses mitotic clonal expansion and adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes through impeding JAK2\/STAT3-mediated transcriptional cascades","volume":"129","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110660","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate ameliorates oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy via upregulation of IGF-1 signaling and suppression of neuroinflammation","volume":"280","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Liu, C., Wan, L., Peng, L., Wang, K., Zhou, F., Fang, W., Wen, S., Bai, Q., and Yang, X. (J. Adv. Res., 2025). Epigallocatechin gallate prevents and alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through gut microbiota and multi-organ interactions in Wistar healthy rats and GK T2DM rats, J. Adv. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.05.002"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., and Tsuneoka, M. (2021). Gallic Acid Derivatives Propyl Gallate and Epigallocatechin Gallate Reduce rRNA Transcription via Induction of KDM2A Activation. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010030"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X21500063","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate Reduces Homocysteine-Caused Oxidative Damages through Modulation SIRT1\/AMPK Pathway in Endothelial Cells","volume":"49","author":"Pai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7178801","DOI":"10.1155\/ppar\/7178801","article-title":"Mangiferin and EGCG Compounds Fight Against Hyperlipidemia by Promoting FFA Oxidation via AMPK\/PPAR\u03b1","volume":"2024","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.13159","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute thymus involution in mice via AMPK\/Sirt1 pathway","volume":"68","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.07.048","article-title":"Bmp4 Promotes a Brown to White-like Adipocyte Shift","volume":"16","author":"Modica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E798","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215236110","article-title":"BMP4-mediated brown fat-like changes in white adipose tissue alter glucose and energy homeostasis","volume":"110","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K10E-248","article-title":"Association of serum bone morphogenetic protein 4 levels with obesity and metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic individuals","volume":"58","author":"Son","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, B., Wang, X., Ren, H., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Yang, M., and Li, J. (2023). High glucose promotes the progression of colorectal cancer by activating the BMP4 signaling and inhibited by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11077-w"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0591","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Knockout Abrogates Diabetic and Obese Phenotypes While Restoring Endothelial Function via Inhibition of NOX1","volume":"70","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.30385","article-title":"Alcohol-induced increase in BMP levels promotes fatty liver disease in male prediabetic stage Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats","volume":"124","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmasry, K., Habib, S., Moustafa, M., and Al-Shabrawey, M. (2021). Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040593"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2017.1287637","article-title":"The dual role of BMP4 in adipogenesis and metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Modica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adipocyte"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T15:54:48Z","timestamp":1773071688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/5\/2512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27052512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27052512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]}}}