{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:42Z","timestamp":1787028582647,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It shares many pathophysiologic similarities with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Numerous studies have explored the repurposing of antidiabetic medications for their potential neuroprotective effects in PD. There has not been a consolidated review of the biochemical biomarkers that have been evaluated across antidiabetic medications. This review aims to assess the current landscape of biomarker research in evaluating the efficacy of these antidiabetic agents as disease-modifying therapies in PD. We examine the molecular mechanisms targeted by these drugs, the biomarkers used to assess their effects, and the outcomes of clinical trials. This review hopes to identify gaps in current research and enhance the evaluation of antidiabetic medications in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:00:37Z","timestamp":1773219637000},"page":"2560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Repurposing Antidiabetic Medications for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Focus on Biomarker Strategies for Disease Modification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2449-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayana K.","family":"Yelleswarapu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Sidiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2024.108228","article-title":"Comprehensive review of literature on Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis","volume":"113","author":"Pradeep","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. 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