{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:03:48Z","timestamp":1790089428616,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020027","name":"Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly disabling chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative alterations found in the white and grey matter of the brain. The pathogenesis of MS is complex and not fully understood. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are suspected to play an important role. The visual system is often affected in MS. Optic neuritis is a frequent symptom, but also the retina itself, including retinal synapses appear compromised in MS independent from demyelination of the optic nerve. A previous study demonstrated synapse-specific alterations of mitochondria in photoreceptor synapses in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS at day 9 after injection, an early time point in pre-clinical EAE. In the present study, we analysed even earlier stages of pre-clinical EAE for possible alterations of synaptic mitochondria. For this purpose, we performed qualitative and quantitative immunolabelling analyses of the mitochondrial cristae organising protein MIC60 at retinal synapses and functional analyses by measuring synaptic mitochondrial membrane potential (during rest and depolarisation-induced exocytosis) and visually guided behaviour (optometry analyses). At day 3 after injection, morphological and functional data were indistinguishable between MOG\/CFA-injected EAE mice and CFA-injected control mice. But already on day 5 after injection, we observed a decreased expression of the mitochondrial MIC60 protein at synaptic mitochondria, a decreased synaptic mitochondrial membrane potential at rest, an enhanced drop of mitochondrial membrane potential during stimulated exocytosis and a decreased visual performance of the respective EAE mice. These data argue that synaptic pathology in the EAE retina begins as early as day 5 after injection. Our data propose that dysfunctions of mitochondria play an important role already at the very early stages of synaptic pathology in EAE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1773240198000},"page":"2579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early Reduction in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Synaptic Mitochondria Contribute to Synaptic Pathology in the EAE Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2554-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia R.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7328-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Kesharwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Tinschert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Suiwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1457-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: Pathology and pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Lassmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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