{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:13:35Z","timestamp":1785510815184,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation"},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa","award":["PMDS22063029421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMDS22063029421"]}]},{"name":"Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024216","name":"College of Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024216","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Moses Kotane Research Institute (MKRI), South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postprandial hyperglycemia represents a critical therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), requiring interventions that simultaneously address glycemic dysregulation and oxidative stress. This study evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties of Sclerocarya birrea leaf crude extract (CE) and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Phytochemical screening, nanoparticle characterization (UV\u2013Vis, XRD, TEM, SEM, DLS, FTIR), enzyme inhibition assays (\u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase, DPP-IV), glucose dynamics in Caco-2 cells, and antioxidant assays (DPPH, total antioxidant capacity, H2O2 cytoprotection) were performed. Phytochemical analysis identified flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids as major constituents of Sclerocarya birrea leaf extract. AgNPs exhibited spherical morphology (36.8 \u00b1 8.6 nm, n = 100 particles analyzed), face-centered cubic crystallinity (crystallite size: 32.1 nm), and characteristic surface plasmon resonance at 451 nm. Both formulations inhibited \u03b1-amylase (CE IC50: 14 \u00b5g\/mL; AgNPs IC50: 14.07 \u00b5g\/mL, n = 3) and \u03b1-glucosidase (CE IC50: 15.96 \u00b5g\/mL; AgNPs IC50: 15.82 \u00b5g\/mL, n = 3), showing substantial inhibition, though less potent than acarbose. Uniquely, AgNPs demonstrated selective DPP-IV inhibition (IC50: 220.5 \u00b5g\/mL, n = 3, p &lt; 0.001 vs. CE), completely absent in CE. In antioxidant assays, DPPH scavenging potency was comparable between formulations (CE IC50: 23.45 \u00b5g\/mL; AgNPs IC50: 22.26 \u00b5g\/mL, n = 3), while CE achieved higher maximal scavenging at the tested concentrations. Conversely, AgNPs provided superior intracellular cytoprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in kidney cells (80.2 \u00b1 2.1% viability at 76 \u00b5g\/mL vs. CE 69.8 \u00b1 3.4% at 190 \u00b5g\/mL, n = 3, p &lt; 0.001), representing a 2.5-fold dose advantage. Neither formulation significantly altered glucose uptake or SGLT1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells (p &gt; 0.05, two-way ANOVA, n = 3). These findings establish S. birrea-based formulations, particularly AgNPs, as promising multifunctional candidates for managing postprandial hyperglycemia and oxidative complications in T2DM. They also highlight nanotechnology-enhanced phytomedicine as an innovative therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:41:47Z","timestamp":1773247307000},"page":"2584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anti-Hyperglycemic and Antioxidant Effects of Sclerocarya birrea Leaf Crude Extract and Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2655-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sphamandla","family":"Hlatshwayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamkela","family":"Ngxata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1821-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandisa","family":"Mathenjwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nokukhanya","family":"Thembane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4026, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siboniso Percival","family":"Sithole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanele Nobleman","family":"Mhlungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhekumuzi Prince","family":"Gumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh Babu Naidu","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1946-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nceba","family":"Gqaleni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4013, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mlungisi","family":"Ngcobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2920267","article-title":"Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: Depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1.6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase","volume":"292","author":"Shibib","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. 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