{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:51:24Z","timestamp":1783641084756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K10959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K10959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-fat diets (HFDs) containing dietary fats with different fatty acid (FA) compositions alter gut microbiota composition in a fat-source-dependent manner. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and unabsorbed lipids in the distal gut are potential regulators of the gut microbiota. However, their roles in mediating gut microbiota alterations induced by dietary fats with different FA compositions remain unclear. This study aims to examine the associations of these two factors with fat-source-dependent gut microbiota alterations. BALB\/c mice were fed a normal diet, a high-lard diet, a high-olive oil diet, or a high-soybean oil diet for 27 weeks. Fecal samples were collected to assess microbiota composition, the IgA coating index (ICI)\u2014which quantifies the extent of IgA coating on gut microbiota\u2014and fecal fatty acid concentrations. At the phylum level, the concentration of fecal total long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) was positively correlated with the relative abundance (RA) of Bacillota and negatively correlated with that of Bacteroidota. In addition, a trend toward a positive association between the RA and the ICI was observed for Bacillota but not for Bacteroidota. At the genus level, the RAs of 12 taxa were positively correlated with fecal LCFA concentrations, whereas those of 6 taxa were negatively correlated. Although the RAs of most taxa appeared to be influenced by unabsorbed lipids and additional factors, only four Bacillota genera exhibited a positive correlation between the RA and the ICI. Our observations suggest that IgA coating of the gut microbiota may have a minimal association with fat-source-specific alterations in gut microbiota composition during HFD intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:06:22Z","timestamp":1773414382000},"page":"2645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Minimal Association Between Immunoglobulin A Coating and Gut Microbiota Alterations Induced by High-Fat Diets with Distinct Fatty Acid Compositions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mao","family":"Teraoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6105-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Nishino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Intestinal Health Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Intestinal Health Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","article-title":"Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes","volume":"334","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, H., Zhou, Q., Yang, R., Zeng, J., Li, X., Zhang, R., Tang, W., Li, H., Wang, S., and Shen, T. (2020). Naringin Attenuates High Fat Diet Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Gut Bacterial Dysbiosis in Mice. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585066"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, J.-K., Seo, S.-H., Park, S.-E., Kim, H.-W., Kim, E.-J., Kim, J.-S., Pyo, J.-Y., Cho, K.-M., Kwon, S.-J., and Park, D.-H. (2021). Gut microbiome and metabolome profiles associated with high-fat diet in mice. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11080482"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13398","article-title":"High-fat-diet-mediated dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis independently of obesity","volume":"514","author":"Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity","volume":"110","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110078","article-title":"Different effects of high-fat diets rich in different oils on lipids metabolism, oxidative stress and gut microbiota","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08249-2","article-title":"The source of the fat significantly affects the results of high-fat diet intervention","volume":"12","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abulizi, N., Quin, C., Brown, K., Chan, Y.K., Gill, S.K., and Gibson, D.L. (2019). Gut Mucosal Proteins and Bacteriome Are Shaped by the Saturation Index of Dietary Lipids. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020418"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000057","article-title":"Bile acids and the gut microbiome","volume":"30","author":"Ridlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.21216","article-title":"Is bile acid a determinant of the gut microbiota on a high-fat diet?","volume":"3","author":"Yokota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G589","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00488.2011","article-title":"Saturated fat stimulates obesity and hepatic steatosis and affects gut microbiota composition by an enhanced overflow of dietary fat to the distal intestine","volume":"303","author":"Derrien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2355-3","article-title":"Antibacterial free fatty acids: Activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential","volume":"85","author":"Desbois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217718","article-title":"The inhibitory receptor PD-1 regulates IgA selection and bacterial composition in the gut","volume":"336","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.08.006","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A coating identifies colitogenic bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"158","author":"Palm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf9655","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf9655","article-title":"IgA-coated E. coli enriched in Crohn\u2019s disease spondyloarthritis promote TH17-dependent inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Viladomiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.110","article-title":"Secretory IgA in complex with Lactobacillus rhamnosus potentiates mucosal dendritic cell-mediated Treg cell differentiation via TLR regulatory proteins, RALDH2 and secretion of IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2","volume":"14","author":"Mikulic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180427","article-title":"IgA regulates the composition and metabolic function of gut microbiota by promoting symbiosis between bacteria","volume":"215","author":"Nakajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200389","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200389","article-title":"Cyclic Nigerosylnigerose Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Fat Deposition, Colonic Inflammation, and Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Modifies Gut Immunoglobulin a Reactivity to Commensal Bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Tsuruta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1051\/ocl\/2020058","article-title":"Metabolic impact of dietary lipids: Towards a role of unabsorbed lipid residues?","volume":"28","author":"Michalski","year":"2021","journal-title":"OCL"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09512-0","article-title":"Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Schoeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.10.1682","article-title":"The absorbability by rats of various triglycerides of stearic and oleic acid and the effect of dietary calcium and magnesium","volume":"109","author":"Mattson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19760011","article-title":"Micellar solubilization of fatty acids in aqueous media containing bile salts and phospholipids","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(72)80115-X","article-title":"Differences in the intestinal absorption of saturated and unsaturated long chain fatty acids","volume":"62","author":"Ockner","year":"1972","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.06.002","article-title":"Bacterial adaptation strategies to host-derived fatty acids","volume":"30","author":"Tchoupa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01176-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01176-18","article-title":"Antagonistic pleiotropy in the bifunctional surface protein FadL (OmpP1) during adaptation of Haemophilus influenzae to chronic lung infection associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"9","author":"Moleres","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-36-4-293","article-title":"Modification of bactericidal fatty acids by an enzyme of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"36","author":"Mortensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit660","article-title":"Native Efflux Pumps Contribute Resistance to Antimicrobials of Skin and the Ability of Staphylococcus aureus to Colonize Skin","volume":"209","author":"Villet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11225","article-title":"Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"487","author":"Devkota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess22009","article-title":"The Effects of Increasing Dietary Fat on Serum Lipid Profile and Modification of Gut Microbiome in C57BL\/6N Mice","volume":"71","author":"Koontanatechanon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noureldein, M.H., Rumora, A.E., Teener, S.J., Rigan, D.M., Hayes, J.M., Mendelson, F.E., Carter, A.D., Rubin, W.G., Savelieff, M.G., and Feldman, E.L. (2025). Dietary Fatty Acid Composition Alters Gut Microbiome in Mice with Obesity-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040737"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16643","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16643","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila inversely correlates with the onset of inflammation, altered adipose tissue metabolism and metabolic disorders during obesity in mice","volume":"5","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"659","article-title":"Effect of long chain fatty acids on bacterial respiration and amino acid uptake","volume":"36","author":"Galbraith","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.111.2.516-524.1972","article-title":"Effects of Fatty Acids on Growth and Envelope Proteins of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"111","author":"Sheu","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005444322823","article-title":"The Mechanisms of Fatty Acid-Induced Proton Permeability of the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane","volume":"31","author":"Wojtczak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28990","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28990","article-title":"High Fat Diets Induce Colonic Epithelial Cell Stress and Inflammation that is Reversed by IL-22","volume":"6","author":"Gulhane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0227-4","article-title":"IgA and the intestinal microbiota: The importance of being specific","volume":"13","author":"Pabst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Effects of high fat diet on fecal contents of bile acids in rats","volume":"78","author":"Sato","year":"1987","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res. GANN"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat9076","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9076","article-title":"Colonocyte metabolism shapes the gut microbiota","volume":"362","author":"Litvak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.18-027","article-title":"High-fat diet reduces the level of secretory immunoglobulin A coating of commensal gut microbiota","volume":"38","author":"Muhomah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"The R Core Team (2021). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03727-5","article-title":"Acetate differentially regulates IgA reactivity to commensal bacteria","volume":"595","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/6\/2645\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:07:19Z","timestamp":1773414439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/6\/2645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27062645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27062645","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}}}