{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:05:20Z","timestamp":1773659120539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Critical Technology and Science (ICTAS) at Virginia Tech"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to persistent adverse outcomes, including cognitive and emotional dysfunction, with recent estimates indicating that up to 50% of individuals with mild TBI experience long-term symptoms. Growing evidence suggests that biological sex influences TBI outcomes and recovery trajectories; however, the molecular underpinnings driving these sex-specific differences remain poorly understood. In this study, a preclinical TBI model was used to directly compare chronic glutamatergic alterations in adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats. To define frontocortical molecular signatures associated with sex-specific glutamatergic dysfunction, proteomic analyses were conducted. Proteomic data revealed dysregulation of key pathways, cellular processes, and molecular regulators involved in excitatory signaling and synaptic function in both sexes. Biomarker profiling identified a single common biomarker between males and females, along with multiple biomarkers unique to each sex. Furthermore, two key brain regions highly susceptible to TBI, the prefrontal cortex and hippocampal subregions, were examined for chronic alterations in key glutamatergic signaling proteins, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the excitatory synaptic marker postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). Immunofluorescence analyses revealed both sex- and region-specific alterations in the expression of NMDA receptor subunits, as well as in PSD95. Notably, many of these changes were concentrated within the hippocampal subregions, suggesting long-term dysregulation of hippocampal glutamatergic circuitry following injury. Together, these findings indicate the emergence of chronic sex-specific pathophysiology in glutamate signaling after TBI and highlight the importance of incorporating sex as a biological variable in the development of precision medicine-based therapeutic strategies for TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1773655843000},"page":"2670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Chronic Sex-Specific Changes in Glutamatergic Signaling Markers Following Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8247-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caiti-Erin","family":"Talty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine & Health, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4546-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison S.","family":"Wypyski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine & Health, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-0139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan F.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3422-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela J.","family":"VandeVord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1970 Roanoke Blvd, Salem, VA 24153, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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