{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:24:32Z","timestamp":1788488672088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR-2022-KH130591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR-2022-KH130591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) from the Ministry of Education","award":["RS-2024-00450853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00450853"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks effective targeted therapies, and the mechanisms by which developmental endothelial locus-1 (EDIL3\/Del-1) promotes TNBC remain incompletely defined. We profiled Del-1 and AMPK subunits in TNBC cell lines by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, performed functional assays in CRISPR\/Cas9 Del-1 knockout and AMPK\u03b2-manipulated cells, and evaluated AMPK\u03b2 in early-stage TNBC tumors using tissue microarrays (TMA) (immunohistochemistry; n = 100) and AMPK\u03b22 mRNA quantification. Del-1 and AMPK\u03b2 were enriched in TNBC cells, most prominently in the mesenchymal stem-like subtype, whereas AMPK\u03b1 levels were relatively stable. Increased Del-1 and activated AMPK\u03b2 enhanced proliferation and invasion, while Del-1 deletion reduced AMPK\u03b2 expression and suppressed tumor-promoting phenotypes. Mechanistically, Del-1 increased AMPK\u03b2 phosphorylation at serine 108, and a phospho-mimetic AMPK\u03b2 mutant further amplified oncogenic effects. In the pilot TMA study, high AMPK\u03b2 protein expression showed a trend toward poorer DFS in Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis, while multivariate analysis identified high AMPK\u03b2 protein expression as an independent factor associated with poorer DFS in patients with early TNBC. These data support AMPK\u03b2 as a key mediator of Del-1-driven signaling and suggest AMPK\u03b2 could be a therapeutic target in aggressive TNBC subsets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1773655843000},"page":"2679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EDIL3\/Del-1-Dependent Induction of AMPK\u03b2 Phosphorylation Regulates the Progression of Mesenchymal Stem-like Triple-Negative Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7280-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seol-Hwa","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell & Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0066-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology\/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology\/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeeyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-5559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeongju","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2880-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joon Suk","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7571-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1857-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora Jee Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7639-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Ae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Cancer Precision Medicine Institute, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 40405, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Cancer Precision Medicine Institute, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 40405, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8585-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yee Soo","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology\/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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