{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:40Z","timestamp":1787028580517,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a major foodborne pathogen causing illnesses ranging from gastroenteritis to severe systemic infections. The key virulence factors include bacterial motility, hemolysin and lecithinase production, and invasion of host tissues. This study investigated the anti-virulence effects of cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa, against LM. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 2289 \u03bcM; 719.8 \u00b5g\/mL) and sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC, 11.92 \u03bcM; 3.75 \u00b5g\/mL) of CBD were determined for LM strains Scott A and ATCC 19115. Cultures were treated with SIC, 6\u00d7 SIC, 1\/4\u00d7 MIC, and MIC to assess effects on motility, hemolysin and lecithinase production, and adhesion and invasion of human intestinal (Caco-2) and brain endothelial (HBMEC) cells, alongside virulence gene expression by RT-qPCR. Cannabidiol\u2019s efficacy was also determined using a Galleria mellonella larval infection model at SIC and 6\u00d7 SIC. Cannabidiol at 6\u00d7 SIC significantly reduced motility, toxin production, and host cell adhesion and invasion (p &lt; 0.05). RT-qPCR revealed downregulation of key virulence genes, including prfA, hly, plcA, plcB, iap, motA, motB, actA, inlA, and inlB. In vivo, CBD enhanced larval survival in a dose-dependent manner and cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations above 33.75 \u00b5g\/mL. These results indicate that CBD, at non-bactericidal levels, effectively suppresses multiple virulence mechanisms in LM, highlighting its potential as a novel anti-virulence agent for food safety and therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1773655843000},"page":"2682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of Cannabidiol in Reducing Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Divya","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5364-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leya Susan","family":"Viju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam Gopika","family":"Vinayamohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham Joseph","family":"Pellissery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar","family":"Venkitanarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00326-X","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis: A Review of Hazard Characterisation for Use in Microbiological Risk Assessment of Foods","volume":"92","author":"McLauchlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. 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