{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:23:25Z","timestamp":1792002205579,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-79-10055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-79-10055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, relapsing, immune-mediated disorders that require regular and preferably noninvasive monitoring of inflammatory activity. Fecal biomarkers of neutrophilic inflammation, namely calprotectin and lactoferrin, therefore represent key analytical targets for diagnosis and longitudinal disease management. Despite their widespread clinical use, existing publications predominantly address either their clinical relevance or individual technical solutions, without establishing a comprehensive engineering-translational framework for their biosensor-based implementation. This review bridges this gap by providing an integrative analysis of the molecular and biological nature of calprotectin and lactoferrin, the mechanisms underlying their appearance in fecal matrices, and the analytical constraints that directly influence the design of hybrid point-of-care (PoC) biosensor systems. We systematically compare major biosensing platforms, emphasizing sensor architecture, signal transduction mechanisms, and sample preparation strategies as critical determinants of sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance. The novelty of this review lies in combining the pathophysiological context of neutrophilic inflammation with physicochemical and technological aspects of biosensor development, enabling a transition from laboratory prototypes to evaluation of real translational readiness. The practical significance resides in establishing a methodological basis for rational design of next-generation hybrid-integrated biosensor systems and outlining perspectives for digital analytics and artificial intelligence in clinically interpretable IBD monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1773655843000},"page":"2692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biosensor-Based Detection of Calprotectin and Lactoferrin as Neutrophil-Derived Markers of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: From Molecular Pathophysiology to Point-of-Care Platforms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4870-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Sitkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Power Electronics and Photonics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9626-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Ryabko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0254-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1896-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Cheburkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Power Electronics and Photonics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3666-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Kolobov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Power Electronics and Photonics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Human Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Ecology, 188663 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Khasanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Power Electronics and Photonics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Nikolaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii","family":"Kaplun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology\/School of Artificial Intelligence, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Department of Automation and Control Processes, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6047-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Gareev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Power Electronics and Photonics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848231163118","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231163118","article-title":"Can We Change 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