{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T08:14:53Z","timestamp":1773994493426,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["170912\/2024-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["170912\/2024-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor suppressor genes, such as RASSF1A and REST, play a central role in regulating cell proliferation. RASSF1A is frequently inactivated in various cancers, being associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. REST loss promotes the activation of genes related to invasion and estrogen sensitivity. We aimed to evaluate the expression of REST and RASSF1A in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients at different treatment stages and to associate the results with clinical and laboratory variables. Peripheral blood samples from breast cancer patients were collected at diagnosis and at 3 and 6 months after the start of chemotherapy; blood samples from healthy women were also collected. Gene expression was quantified by qPCR and associated with clinical variables. REST expression was significantly lower in patients (p &lt; 0.0001), showing a negative correlation with the BIRADS classification and an AUC of 0.72. RASSF1A showed no significant difference between groups but was negatively correlated with heparanase (r = \u22120.4213; p &lt; 0.0001). No relevant variations in gene expression were observed among the serial collections, nor associations with histological type. Downregulation of REST expression in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients suggests its potential as an auxiliary biomarker for diagnosis and risk stratification. RASSF1A was correlated with mechanisms associated with tumor progression but did not differentiate patients from controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:11:12Z","timestamp":1773828672000},"page":"2752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["REST and RASSF1A Tumor Suppressor Genes in Peripheral Blood: Potential Molecular Markers in Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Maria Eduarda R. de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina P.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3207-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estella F.","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samia F.","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3206-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella D. R.","family":"Trufelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludmila F. B.","family":"Fabbrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6097-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glaucia L. da","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Luiz A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, R. Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema 09972-270, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz da C. A.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio FMABC, Av. Principe de Gales, 821, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-950, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, March 10). Breast Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/breast-cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kciuk, M., Yahya, E.B., Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed, M., Rashid, S., Iqbal, M.O., Kontek, R., Abdulsamad, M.A., and Allaq, A.A. (2023). Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy. 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