{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:08:22Z","timestamp":1791662902669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Lodz","award":["This work was supported through the budget of the Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Lodz (grant number n\/a)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This work was supported through the budget of the Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Lodz (grant number n\/a)."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadmium (Cd) contamination, through induction of oxidative stress, severely impairs plant growth. Using primary roots of Vicia faba, we investigated how a 24 h incubation in CdCl2 solution (175 \u00b5M) affects mitotic progression in meristems and assessed whether thyme essential oil (TO; 0.03%, v\/v), as a natural antioxidant, can protect proliferating cells during simultaneous Cd exposure. Cd strongly inhibited root growth, reduced mitotic index tenfold (to 0.6%), induced chromatin condensation, decreased CDKA protein levels and CycB transcripts and proteins, caused pronounced microtubule bundling and alterations in their arrangement, disorganization of actin filaments, and disturbances in histone H3 phosphorylation (H3T3Ph, H3S10Ph). TO led to a partial recovery of mitotic index (to ~50% of the control), normalization of chromosome condensation, maintenance of cell-cycle regulators at near-control levels, preservation of proper cytoskeletal organization, and restoration of the correct H3 phosphorylation pattern. This enabled cells to progress from metaphase to anaphase and maintain phase proportions close to the control, resulting in normal root growth. These findings indicate that TO protects the mitotic cellular environment against Cd-induced disturbances. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that TO safeguards the plant mitotic apparatus under Cd stress, highlighting its potential as a natural bioprotective agent supporting plant growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:38:01Z","timestamp":1773934681000},"page":"2798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thyme Oil Alleviates Cadmium-Induced Disturbances in Mitotic Activity, Cytoskeletal Organization and H3T3\/H3S10 Phosphorylation in Vicia faba"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gocek-Szczurtek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Wr\u00f3blewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6401-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"\u017babka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9655-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna T.","family":"Polit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544316","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2025.2544316","article-title":"Cadmium Toxicity in Plants: From Transport to Tolerance Mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Signal. 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