{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:01:27Z","timestamp":1774008087553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Combined central and peripheral demyelination (CCPD) is a rare neuroimmunological condition involving inflammatory demyelination of both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). We report a chronic progressive CCPD case initially diagnosed as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and treated with conventional CIDP-directed immunotherapies, with subsequent development of multiple sclerosis (MS)-like CNS demyelination. An extensive diagnostic evaluation excluded alternative infectious, metabolic, paraneoplastic, and antibody-mediated etiologies affecting either compartment. In the absence of a unifying pathogenic autoantibody, the combined clinical, radiological, cerebrospinal fluid, and electrophysiological findings support a shared immune-mediated process. Within this framework, B cells are implicated through antibody-independent mechanisms, including antigen presentation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., IL-6), and amplification of Th1\/Th17-driven inflammation. Interactions between B cells and the complement system via CR1 (CD35) and CR2 (CD21), together with dysfunction of the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and blood\u2013nerve barrier (BNB), may facilitate parallel immune activation across both compartments. In this case, the observed radiological and electrophysiological stabilization under anti-CD20 therapy is consistent with a B-cell-driven pathogenic model in CCPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"2810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["B-Cell Depletion as Evidence for Shared Neuroimmune Pathways in Combined Central and Peripheral Demyelination: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1544-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura-Elena","family":"Cucu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"S\u0103c\u0103rescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Grosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Constantinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Cristina","family":"Baciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela-Sm\u0103r\u0103ndi\u021ba","family":"Asaftei-Titianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ga\u021bcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4813-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costin","family":"Chirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otilia Elena","family":"Fr\u0103sinariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mother and Child Medicine-Pediatrics, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilian Bogdan","family":"Ignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrusi\u00f3w, S., Dziadkowiak, E., and Koszewicz, M. (2025). Clinical and electrophysiological features of adult patients with combined central and peripheral demyelination\u2014A systematic review. Front. 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