{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:17:11Z","timestamp":1791433031302,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk polymorphisms has significantly changed our knowledge of kidney disease susceptibility and development in African American populations. Several non-diabetic kidney disorders, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), collapsing glomerulopathy, HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), and accelerated chronic kidney disease (CKD) development, are significantly more likely to occur in people with two coding variations, G1 and G2. The significance of context-dependent pathogenic processes is highlighted by the poor penetrance and remarkable phenotypic variety of APOL1-associated kidney disease, despite its substantial impact. This review synthesizes current knowledge of APOL1 biology through a molecular framework, emphasizing gain-of-toxic-function effects of risk variants in podocytes, dysregulated ion fluxes, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis, and activation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling pathways. We describe how the well-recognized \u201csecond-hit\u201d paradigm has a biological basis, driven by strong inducibility by interferons and immunological activation, as well as strict basal regulation of APOL1 expression. Lastly, we explore future approaches to precision nephrology and highlight translational advancements, such as APOL1 gene-silencing techniques. This review provides a mechanistic roadmap for translating APOL1 biology into targeted therapeutic strategies by integrating genetics, cell biology, immunology, and systems-level approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"2863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of APOL1-Associated Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Delrue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhart","family":"Speeckaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijn M.","family":"Speeckaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193032","article-title":"Association of Trypanolytic ApoL1 Variants with Kidney Disease in African Americans","volume":"329","author":"Genovese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0861-0","article-title":"Missense Mutations in the APOL1 Gene Are Highly Associated with End Stage Kidney Disease Risk Previously Attributed to the MYH9 Gene","volume":"128","author":"Tzur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. 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