{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T03:31:41Z","timestamp":1784431901621,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Canada\u2019s New Frontiers in Research Fund","award":["NFRFT-2020-00787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFRFT-2020-00787"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic injury, stenosis, and malignancy involving large segments of the airway are difficult to reconstruct and require novel solutions. Despite advances in surgical techniques, the reconstruction of long-segment tracheal defects remains a significant challenge. Several bioengineering approaches have been explored for tracheal regeneration in vitro and in vivo, using cells in combination with three dimentional (3D) biological or synthetic scaffolds. This paper reviews recent advances in developing bioengineered trachea and the technologies utilized toward generating transplantable tracheal grafts. Specifically, the review will focus on the recellularization of tissue-engineered grafts using natural or synthetic scaffolds, highlighting relevant cell types used to reconstitute tracheal epithelium and cartilage. The promise of newly explored paradigms, including the application of pluripotent stem cells, will be discussed with an overview of associated challenges and necessary steps for future translation. Overall, these advances provide a foundation for the development of clinically viable tracheal grafts, bringing engineered tracheal reconstruction closer to reality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1774267176000},"page":"2891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tracheal Regeneration: Recent Progress in the Application of Stem Cells in Tracheal Bioengineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ganji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Le Billan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siba","family":"Haykal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golnaz","family":"Karoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trachea: Anatomy and physiology","volume":"24","author":"Schafer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorac. 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