{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T15:55:43Z","timestamp":1783180543561,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH2110414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH2110414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) pose a significant burden on the healthcare system. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of ALI\/ARDS are widely studied. However, currently, there are no clinically approved drugs that can effectively reduce the high mortality of patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are an increasingly popular class of medications. Their FDA approval was driven by the beneficial effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Notably, recent studies are beginning to recognize the role of GLP-1 RAs in immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory responses across various organs, including the lungs. Animal models of ALI demonstrate the potential of these medications for treatment and prophylaxis. Observational studies suggest that patients taking GLP-1 RAs experienced fewer pulmonary complications. Here, we reviewed reports on their impact on the respiratory system in animal models of ALI and in clinical trials. Their effects in the intensive care unit setting and conditions predisposing to ALI\/ARDS were also summarized. The mechanisms of action of GLP-1 RAs were reviewed based on in vitro studies using various lung cell types, and experimental approaches. Moreover, the roles of the pharmaceutical industry and patent law in extending the scope of GLP-1 RAs beyond obesity and diabetes were also described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27072922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T08:02:49Z","timestamp":1774339369000},"page":"2922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Anti-Inflammatory Role of GLP-1 RAs in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Kosmider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01485-4","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Causes, pathophysiology, and phenotypes","volume":"400","author":"Bos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.06.003","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory feature of glucagon-like peptide-1 and its based diabetes drugs-Therapeutic potential exploration in lung injury","volume":"12","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"S353","article-title":"Acute lung injury\u2014From pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"69","author":"Mokra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L368","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00041.2023","article-title":"Liraglutide pretreatment attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury","volume":"325","author":"Baer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"252","article-title":"Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"107","author":"Matuschak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7664","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.11.7664","article-title":"Acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide is independent of complement activation","volume":"180","author":"Rittirsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S28800","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Epidemiology and management approaches","volume":"4","author":"Walkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramji, H.F., Hafiz, M., Altaq, H.H., Hussain, S.T., and Chaudry, F. (2023). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; A Review of Recent Updates and a Glance into the Future. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13091528"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L709","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00341.2013","article-title":"Diverse macrophage populations mediate acute lung inflammation and resolution","volume":"306","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L665","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00232.2013","article-title":"Novel concepts of acute lung injury and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction","volume":"305","author":"Herold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0170-0","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice via maintenance of endothelial barrier function","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., and Chao, J. (2025). Alveolar Epithelial Cell Dysfunction in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Mechanistic Insights and Targeted Interventions. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092299"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra, F.S., Lanzetti, M., Nesi, R.T., Nagato, A.C., Silva, C.P.E., Kennedy-Feitosa, E., Melo, A.C., Cattani-Cavalieri, I., Porto, L.C., and Valenca, S.S. (2023). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Acute and Chronic Lung Injuries. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030548"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108944","article-title":"ACT001 suppressing M1 polarization against inflammation via NF-kappaB and STAT1 signaling pathways alleviates acute lung injury in mice","volume":"110","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00562-8","article-title":"Combination of pseudoephedrine and emodin ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating macrophage M1\/M2 polarization through the VIP\/cAMP\/PKA pathway","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-016-1277-8","article-title":"Exenatide and metformin express their anti-inflammatory effects on human monocytes\/macrophages by the attenuation of MAPKs and NFkappaB signaling","volume":"389","author":"Buldak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2009.0775","article-title":"Acute lung injury: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4274","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202437","article-title":"TNF-induced death signaling triggers alveolar epithelial dysfunction in acute lung injury","volume":"190","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315620180","article-title":"The GLP-1 agonist, liraglutide, as a pharmacotherapy for obesity","volume":"7","author":"Crane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2014_94","article-title":"Aerosolized GLP-1 for treatment of diabetes mellitus and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"Volume 849","author":"Siekmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Biomedicine; Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42531-8","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of exendin-4, an exendin-3 analogue, from Heloderma suspectum venom. Further evidence for an exendin receptor on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas","volume":"267","author":"Eng","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Latif, W., Lambrinos, K.J., Patel, P., and Rodriguez, R. (2025). Compare and Contrast the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1RAs). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"370","article-title":"Exploring the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in critical illness: Mechanisms, benefits, and clinical implications","volume":"31","author":"Jogani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e1263","article-title":"Impact of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Exposure on Gastrointestinal Outcomes Among ICU Patients: A Multicenter Matched Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"Gmehlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowlands, J., Heng, J., Newsholme, P., and Carlessi, R. (2018). Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00672"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e1247","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Is Prognostic of Mortality in Acute Respiratory Failure","volume":"7","author":"Hansell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdi, S.F., Pusapati, S., Anwar, M.S., Lohana, D., Kumar, P., Nandula, S.A., Nawaz, F.K., Tracey, K., Yang, H., and LeRoith, D. (2023). Glucagon-like peptide-1: A multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148209"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01931-z","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: Mechanisms and advances in therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.13.5.444","article-title":"Exenatide therapy in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin","volume":"13","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1508","article-title":"Exenatide exerts a potent antiinflammatory effect","volume":"97","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102849","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on mitochondrial function, inflammatory markers and leukocyte-endothelium interactions in type 2 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Hermenejildo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0688","article-title":"Liraglutide Improves Forced Vital Capacity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Data from the Randomized Crossover LIRALUNG Study","volume":"71","author":"Ciudin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13372","article-title":"Use of GLP1RAs and occurrence of respiratory disorders: A meta-analysis of large randomized trials of GLP1RAs","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01118-6","article-title":"The relationship between the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and the incidence of respiratory illness: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.10.016","article-title":"Liraglutide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice","volume":"791","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601454","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3601454","article-title":"GLP-1 Analogue Liraglutide Enhances SP-A Expression in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury through the TTF-1 Signaling Pathway","volume":"2018","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E568","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00292.2020","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor mediates the beneficial effect of liraglutide in an acute lung injury mouse model involving the thioredoxin-interacting protein","volume":"319","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2024.2384897","article-title":"Liraglutide alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating pulmonary surfactant through inhibiting autophagy","volume":"46","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002285","article-title":"Liraglutide Alleviates Acute Lung Injury and Mortality in Pneumonia-Induced Sepsis through Regulating Surfactant Protein Expression and Secretion","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175730","article-title":"Dulaglutide provides protection against sepsis-induced lung injury in mice by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"949","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2021.1970744","article-title":"The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists during COVID-19 pandemia: A hypothetical molecular mechanism","volume":"20","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109031","article-title":"Pre-admission glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"179","author":"Hariyanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2987","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome leads to reduced ratio of ACE\/ACE2 activities and is prevented by angiotensin-(1-7) or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist","volume":"225","author":"Lutter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.1","article-title":"Immune regulation by glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"Cain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01420","article-title":"Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"104","author":"Winzeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04945-9","article-title":"Potential implications of long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists for critically ill","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.0111","article-title":"Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Residual Gastric Content Before Anesthesia","volume":"159","author":"Sen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.01.001","article-title":"Perioperative management of long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists: Concerns for delayed gastric emptying and pulmonary aspiration","volume":"132","author":"Siegelaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114390","article-title":"GLP-1 as a regulator of sepsis outcomes: Insights into cellular metabolism, inflammation, and therapeutic potential","volume":"152","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3145-0","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue therapy directly modulates innate immune-mediated inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Hogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.043","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 signaling inhibits allergen-induced lung IL-33 release and reduces group 2 innate lymphoid cell cytokine production in vivo","volume":"142","author":"Toki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24425","article-title":"Exendin-4 inhibits iNOS expression at the protein level in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophage by the activation of cAMP\/PKA pathway","volume":"114","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105969","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"77","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2015.10.008","article-title":"Exenatide (a GLP-1 agonist) expresses anti-inflammatory properties in cultured human monocytes\/macrophages in a protein kinase A and B\/Akt manner","volume":"68","author":"Buldak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1447.049","article-title":"Exendin-4 therapy in NOD mice with new-onset diabetes increases regulatory T cell frequency","volume":"1150","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L264","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00069.2008","article-title":"TTF-1 response element is critical for temporal and spatial regulation and necessary for hormonal regulation of human surfactant protein-A2 promoter activity","volume":"295","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74912-1","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonist ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Fandino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1016","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00329.2010","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages in insulin-resistant subjects are associated with collagen VI and fibrosis and demonstrate alternative activation","volume":"299","author":"Spencer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51648-1","article-title":"Empagliflozin and Dulaglutide are Effective against Obesity-induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Fibrosis in A Murine Model","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02207-9","article-title":"Role and mechanism of specialized pro-resolving mediators in obesity-associated insulin resistance","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.08.057","article-title":"The Cost of ARDS: A Systematic Review","volume":"161","author":"Boucher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13872","article-title":"Patents and Regulatory Exclusivities on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists","volume":"330","author":"Alhiary","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11184","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB02207B","article-title":"A review of recent research and development on GLP-1 receptor agonists-sustained-release microspheres","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250905","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2025.0905","article-title":"Fiscal Impact of Expanded Medicare Coverage for GLP-1 Receptor Agonists to Treat Obesity","volume":"6","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/2922\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T08:04:47Z","timestamp":1774339487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/2922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27072922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27072922","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]}}}