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This family comprises eight catalytically active members, TG1-7, the blood coagulation factor FXIII, and the inactive structural protein Band 4.2 of the erythrocyte membrane. Recent structural and biochemical advances have refined our understanding of the molecular principles governing transglutaminase function. Thus, current evidence reveals how domain organization and catalytic architecture integrate calcium binding, nucleotide-dependent regulation in TG2 and proteolytic activation in selected isoforms to control enzymatic activity. In this review, we provide an updated and comprehensive overview of the active hTGs, combining structural, biochemical and functional data to explain how closely related enzymes achieve isoform-specific regulation and distinct biological roles. We further examine how disruption of these mechanisms contributes to human pathology, highlighting representative examples in autoimmunity, inherited disorders and complex diseases. By integrating recent biochemical and structural findings with disease-associated evidence, we aim to offer a coherent framework for understanding how TG regulation underlies their diverse biological functions and clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27072976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:07:13Z","timestamp":1774433233000},"page":"2976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Human Transglutaminases: Updated Insights into Activation Mechanisms, Allosteric Regulation and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Moya-Garrido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Qu\u00edmica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-7550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura P.","family":"Cano-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Qu\u00edmica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ibarra-Molero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Qu\u00edmica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4569-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Godoy-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Prevention and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Research and Innovation Unit, Costa del Sol University Hospital, 29603 Marbella, Spain"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Sports, Alfonso X University Mare Nostrum, 29004 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5600-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Medina-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Qu\u00edmica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20021234","article-title":"Transglutaminases: Nature\u2019s biological glues","volume":"368","author":"Griffin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. 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