{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:18:42Z","timestamp":1774534722069,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31870889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31070797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31070797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Program of Tianjin Science and Technology Commission","award":["19JCZDJC35800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19JCZDJC35800"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of Tianjin Science and Technology Commission","award":["15JCZDJC34900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15JCZDJC34900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a member of the class IIb HDAC family, plays a crucial role in epigenetic regulation and cytoskeletal dynamics, while participating in host anti-infective immune responses. However, its precise functions and mechanisms during Chlamydia muridarum (C. muridarum) infection remain incompletely defined. Our study demonstrated that C. muridarum respiratory infection upregulates HDAC6 expression at the infection site and in immune organs. Comparative analysis of wild-type (WT) and HDAC6-deficient (HDAC6\u2212\/\u2212) mice in this infection model revealed that HDAC6 deficiency exacerbates disease progression, including significant weight loss, severe pulmonary inflammation, and impaired C. muridarum clearance. Relative to WT mice, HDAC6\u2212\/\u2212 mice exhibited elevated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (Stat6) and GATA Binding Protein 3 (Gata3) mRNA expression, enhanced pathological Th2 responses with increased IL-4 secretion, and no significant differences in protective Th1 or Th17 responses following C. muridarum infection. Concurrently, these mice displayed enhanced M2 macrophage polarization, as evidenced by upregulated CD206 and Arg-1 expression, whereas M1 marker expression remained unchanged. The vitro studies confirmed that HDAC6\u2212\/\u2212 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) promote M2 polarization, characterized by increased Arg-1, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b2 production, and further co-culture experiments showed that C. muridarum -stimulated HDAC6\u2212\/\u2212 BMDMs drive Th2 differentiation. These findings elucidate the critical role of HDAC6 in regulating Th2-M2 immune responses during C. muridarum respiratory infection and suggest targeted modulation of HDAC6 as a novel therapeutic strategy for chlamydial respiratory infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:36:40Z","timestamp":1774532200000},"page":"3009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HDAC6 Promotes Host Defense Against Chlamydial Lung Infections by Regulating M2-Th2 Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jinxi","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaini","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.30","article-title":"Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Elwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.04.013","article-title":"Chlamydia genomics: Providing novel insights into chlamydial biology","volume":"22","author":"Bachmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197702102960604","article-title":"Respiratory-tract colonization and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"296","author":"Beem","year":"1977","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00995-0","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits apoptosis in infected cells by targeting the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak","volume":"29","author":"Gentle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.04.008","article-title":"Chlamydial infection of monocytes stimulates IL-1beta secretion through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"12","author":"Padilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00203-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00203-17","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis: The Persistent Pathogen","volume":"24","author":"Witkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.17615","article-title":"HDAC6 regulates IL-17 expression in T lymphocytes: Implications for HDAC6-targeted therapies","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.436407","article-title":"HDAC6 controls major cell response pathways to cytotoxic accumulation of protein aggregates","volume":"21","author":"Boyault","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2008.04.003","article-title":"HDAC6: A key regulator of cytoskeleton, cell migration and cell-cell interactions","volume":"18","author":"Cabrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.405","article-title":"HDAC6 controls autophagosome maturation essential for ubiquitin-selective quality-control autophagy","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22987-3","article-title":"YAP promotes the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via blocking K27-linked polyubiquitination of NLRP3","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.05.001","article-title":"Crosstalk between HDAC6 and Nox2-based NADPH oxidase mediates HIV-1 Tat-induced pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes","volume":"12","author":"Youn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Gonzalo, O., Ram\u00edrez-Huesca, M., Blas-Rus, N., Cibri\u00e1n, D., Saiz, M.L., Jorge, I., Camafeita, E., V\u00e1zquez, J., and S\u00e1nchez-Madrid, F. (2017). HDAC6 controls innate immune and autophagy responses to TLR-mediated signalling by the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006799"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32888","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.162743","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin A decreases acetylation of tubulin, leading to microtubule depolymerization through activation of histone deacetylase 6, and this mediates acute inflammation","volume":"285","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.03.017","article-title":"HDAC6 inhibition blocks inflammatory signaling and caspase-1 activation in LPS-induced acute lung injury","volume":"370","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01017-9","article-title":"Acetylation licenses Th1 cell polarization to constrain Listeria monocytogenes infection","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302778","article-title":"A novel role for histone deacetylase 6 in the regulation of the tolerogenic STAT3\/IL-10 pathway in APCs","volume":"193","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0379-9","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 6 regulates the immunosuppressive properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer through the STAT3-COX2-dependent pathway","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12384-2","article-title":"Modulation of M2 macrophage polarization by the crosstalk between Stat6 and Trim24","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.05.004","article-title":"HDAC6 at Crossroads of Infection and Innate Immunity","volume":"39","author":"Mayor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104193","article-title":"Impact of HDAC inhibitors on macrophage polarization to enhance innate immunity against infections","volume":"29","author":"Bhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1373063","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in bacterial infections: Targeting histone deacetylases","volume":"44","author":"Grabiec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3831","article-title":"Type 2 cytokines: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Wynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8205-2","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by STAT6","volume":"50","author":"Goenka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.32","article-title":"Type 1 T-cell responses in chlamydial lung infections are associated with local MIP-1alpha response","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-38","article-title":"Host immune responses to chlamydial inclusion membrane proteins B and C in Chlamydia trachomatis infected women with or without fertility disorders","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-84","article-title":"Modulation of cytokines and transcription factors (T-Bet and GATA3) in CD4 enriched cervical cells of Chlamydia trachomatis infected fertile and infertile women upon stimulation with chlamydial inclusion membrane proteins B and C","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, N., Liang, H., and Zen, K. (2014). Molecular mechanisms that influence the macrophage m1-m2 polarization balance. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00614"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220531","article-title":"M1\/M2 macrophages and their overlaps-myth or reality?","volume":"137","author":"Strizova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22009","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100614R","article-title":"HDAC6 contributes to human resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via mediating innate immune responses","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327096","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2327096","article-title":"The role of HDAC6 in enhancing macrophage autophagy via the autophagolysosomal pathway to alleviate legionella pneumophila-induced pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.01.004","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1987 induces Th2 immune responses and enhances Mycobacterium smegmatis survival in mice","volume":"197","author":"Sha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.53","article-title":"Respective IL-17A production by gammadelta T and Th17 cells and its implication in host defense against chlamydial lung infection","volume":"14","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00686-z","article-title":"Candida Infection Associated with Anti-IL-17 Medication: A Systematic Analysis and Review of the Literature","volume":"23","author":"Ghanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y., Choi, Y., Kim, M., Jeong, M.S., Jung, H.S., and Jeoung, D. (2021). HDAC6 and CXCL13 Mediate Atopic Dermatitis by Regulating Cellular Interactions and Expression Levels of miR-9 and SIRT1. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.691279"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease","volume":"233","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8879","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114500","article-title":"Vorinostat decrease M2 macrophage polarization through ARID1A(6488delG)\/HDAC6\/IL-10 signaling pathway in endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma","volume":"161","author":"Hsieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, K., and Fu, J. (2020). HDAC6 Mediates Macrophage iNOS Expression and Excessive Nitric Oxide Production in the Blood During Endotoxemia. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01893"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.005","article-title":"An HDAC6 inhibitor reverses chemotherapy-induced mechanical hypersensitivity via an IL-10 and macrophage dependent pathway","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2403849","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403849","article-title":"Ccl2-Induced Regulatory T Cells Balance Inflammation Through Macrophage Polarization During Liver Reconstitution","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-022-10095-5","article-title":"BAP31 affects macrophage polarization through regulating helper T cells activation","volume":"53","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., and Zhao, B. (2025). The role of tumor-associated macrophages in HPV induced cervical cancer. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1586806"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5c00268","article-title":"Dual Isotopologue Profiling of Bacterial Pathogens and their Host Cells: Metabolic Adaptation of Human Macrophages and Fallopian Tube Cells to Intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"20","author":"Radziej","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0398124","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03981-24","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis exploits sphingolipid metabolic pathways during infection of phagocytes","volume":"16","author":"Moldovan","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102285","article-title":"Ready, STAT3, Go! Bacteria in the race for M2 macrophage polarisation","volume":"73","author":"Panagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553789","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2553789","article-title":"Intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages during osteomyelitis","volume":"16","author":"Lathram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchacher, T., Ohradanova-Repic, A., Stockinger, H., Fischer, M.B., and Weber, V. (2015). M2 Polarization of Human Macrophages Favors Survival of the Intracellular Pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143593"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracey, E., Lin, A., Akram, A., Chiu, B., and Inman, R.D. (2013). Intracellular survival and persistence of Chlamydia muridarum is determined by macrophage polarization. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069421"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61826-7","article-title":"Macrophage-T cell interactions promote SLAMF1 expression for enhanced TB defense","volume":"16","author":"Grigsby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06199-x","article-title":"CD4+ T cell-induced inflammatory cell death controls immune-evasive tumours","volume":"618","author":"Kruse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Yu, J., Dong, X., Zeng, J., Tan, L., Zhang, H., Sun, R., Tuo, Y., Yang, J., and Wan, C. (2025). CCR2 signaling regulates anti-chlamydia T cell immune responses in the airway. PLoS Pathog., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012912"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Zeng, J., Hao, W., Sun, R., Tuo, Y., Tan, L., Zhang, H., Liu, R., and Bai, H. (2023). IL-21\/IL-21R Promotes the Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Macrophages during C. muridarum Respiratory Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612557"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00875-0","article-title":"Lnc Tmem235 promotes repair of early steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by inhibiting hypoxia-induced apoptosis of BMSCs","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/3009\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:42:13Z","timestamp":1774532533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/3009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27073009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27073009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]}}}