{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:16:16Z","timestamp":1784297776394,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI) is a placental lesion characterized by an inflammatory response, significantly influencing maternal and fetal outcomes. This study aims to develop a comprehensive morphologic atlas detailing the localization of fetal and maternal macrophages within the context of CHI. We employed immunohistochemical and multiplexing techniques to analyze placental samples, identifying expression patterns and spatial distribution of key macrophage markers, including CD68, CD163, CD14, and HLA-DR. The results revealed a marked accumulation of activated macrophages in both the intervillous space and villous stroma, with distinct differences in morphology and immunophenotype of fetal Hofbauer cells versus maternal macrophages. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the immune landscape in CHI and provide a valuable resource for further research into placental immune dynamics. By establishing this morphologic atlas, we aim to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for affected pregnancies, thereby improving the diagnostic approach and making it more straightforward to recognize CHI histologically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:10:24Z","timestamp":1774537824000},"page":"3024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Placental Histiocyte Phenotypes in Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis: A Comprehensive Immunophenotypic and Morphologic Atlas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3143-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"Gradhand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Strahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6469-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Bein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarete","family":"Mijatovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah-Ida","family":"Hullmeine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-University Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Weigert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Immunity of Inflammation, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Spahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buergerhospital\u2014Dr. Senckenberg Foundation, 60318 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60629 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Bahlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buergerhospital\u2014Dr. Senckenberg Foundation, 60318 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Hullmeine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, J.R., Naidu, P., Appios, A., and McGovern, N. (2021). The Ontogeny and Function of Placental Macrophages. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.771054"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benirschke, K., Burton, G.J., and Baergen, R.N. (2012). Pathology of the Human Placenta, Springer. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23941-0"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.103942","article-title":"Updates of Placental Macrophages: Origins, Molecular Markers, Functions, and Related Diseases","volume":"157","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"393","article-title":"Macrophage Populations in the Human Placenta and Amniochorion","volume":"57","author":"Bulmer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22795","article-title":"Human Fetal Dendritic Cells Promote Prenatal T-Cell Immune Suppression Through Arginase-2","volume":"546","author":"McGovern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod62.4.1075","article-title":"Human Villous Macrophage-Conditioned Media Enhance Human Trophoblast Growth and Differentiation In Vitro","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200891","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200891","article-title":"Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of First-Trimester Human Placental Macrophages, Hofbauer Cells","volume":"218","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.08.008","article-title":"Human Placental Hofbauer Cells Express Sprouty Proteins: A Possible Modulating Mechanism of Villous Branching","volume":"26","author":"Anteby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2014.26","article-title":"Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Polymorphism, Plasma TIMP-1 Levels, and Antihypertensive Therapy Responsiveness in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"Luizon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1309561110","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Deficiency Phenocopies Features of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"110","author":"Plaks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3","article-title":"Ambient Black Carbon Particles Reach the Fetal Side of Human Placenta","volume":"10","author":"Bongaerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4361-5","article-title":"Viral Infection, Proliferation, and Hyperplasia of Hofbauer Cells and Absence of Inflammation Characterize the Placental Pathology of Fetuses with Congenital Zika Virus Infection","volume":"295","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20470","article-title":"Reduced Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions in the Inflamed Microcirculation of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-Deficient Mice","volume":"50","author":"Gregory","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1654(199712)7:4<219::AID-RMV205>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"The Structure of the Human Placenta: Implications for Initiating and Defending Against Virus Infections","volume":"7","author":"Burton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(00)80009-X","article-title":"Chronic histiocytic intervillositis: A placental lesion associated with recurrent reproductive loss","volume":"31","author":"Boyd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornish, E.F., McDonnell, T., and Williams, D.J. (2022). Chronic Inflammatory Placental Disorders Associated with Recurrent Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.825075"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.11.012","article-title":"Towards Standardized Criteria for Diagnosing Chronic Intervillositis of Unknown Etiology: A Systematic Review","volume":"61","author":"Bos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12796","article-title":"Placental Pathologic Lesions with a Significant Recurrence Risk\u2014What Not to Miss!","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Expression Analysis of Leukocytes Attracting Cytokines in Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis of the Placenta","volume":"6","author":"Freitag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12665","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12665","article-title":"Changes in Expression of the CD200 Tolerance-Signaling Molecule and its Receptor (CD200R) by Villus Trophoblasts During First Trimester Missed Abortion and in Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis","volume":"78","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1768","article-title":"Down-Regulation of the Macrophage Lineage Through Interaction with OX2 (Cd200)","volume":"290","author":"Hoek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.02.007","article-title":"Complement Receptor-Associated CD163(+)\/CD18(+)\/CD11c(+)\/CD206(-)\/CD209(-) Expression Profile in Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis of the Placenta","volume":"78","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.07.032","article-title":"Chronic Intervillositis of Unknown Etiology (CIUE): Prevalence, Patterns and Reproductive Outcomes at a Tertiary Referral Institution","volume":"100","author":"Simula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2007.05.025","article-title":"Villitis of unknown etiology: Noninfectious chronic villitis in the placenta","volume":"38","author":"Redline","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.04.017","article-title":"Perinatal Prognosis of Pregnancies Complicated by Placental Chronic Villitis or Intervillositis of Unknown Etiology and Combined Lesions: About a Series of 178 Cases","volume":"44","author":"Nowak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.030","article-title":"Severe Fetal Placental Vascular Lesions in Term Infants with Neurologic Impairment","volume":"192","author":"Redline","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.02964.x","article-title":"Involvement of Hofbauer cells and maternal T cells in villitis of unknown aetiology","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2003.09.005","article-title":"Placental inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Redline","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3131","article-title":"Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"16","author":"PrabhuDas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.02.006","article-title":"Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in massive chronic intervillositis: Implications for the invasion of maternal cells into fetal tissues","volume":"35","author":"Labarrere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13312","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517724112","article-title":"The HLA-G cycle provides for both NK tolerance and immunity at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"112","author":"Tilburgs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12141","article-title":"Detection of anti-HLA antibodies in maternal blood in the second trimester to identify patients at risk of antibody-mediated maternal anti-fetal rejection and spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.08.018","article-title":"A structured review of placental morphology and histopathological lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"101","author":"Sharps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2107","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2107","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: National population based cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Knight","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002700","article-title":"COVID-19 in children, pregnancy and neonates: A review of epidemiologic and clinical features","volume":"39","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00292-021-00952-7","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19-Auswirkungen auf die Plazenta","volume":"42","author":"Menter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73699-9","article-title":"Comparative analysis of COVID-19 pneumonia in pregnant versus matched non-pregnant women: Radiologic, laboratory, and clinical perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Raoufi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.01.012","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 placentitis: An uncommon complication of maternal COVID-19","volume":"104","author":"Linehan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.01.002","article-title":"Dengue Infection in Pregnancy and its Impact on the Placenta","volume":"55","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020600696280","article-title":"The Placentas of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: A Pathophysiological Evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202451386","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451386","article-title":"Similar Spatial Expression of Immune-Related Proteins in SARS-CoV-2 Placentitis and Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis","volume":"55","author":"Broekhuizen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebutini, P.Z., Zanchettin, A.C., Stonoga, E.T.S., Pr\u00e1, D.M.M., de Oliveira, A.L.P., Dezid\u00e9rio, F.d.S., Fonseca, A.S., Dagostini, J.C.H., Hlatchuk, E.C., and Furuie, I.N. (2021). Association Between COVID-19 Pregnant Women Symptoms Severity and Placental Morphologic Features. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.685919"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8879","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Quicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37383-2","article-title":"Primitive haematopoiesis in the human placenta gives rise to macrophages with epigenetically silenced HLA-DR","volume":"14","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezemer, R.E., Faas, M.M., Van Goor, H., Gordijn, S.J., and Prins, J.R. (2024). Decidual macrophages and Hofbauer cells in fetal growth restriction. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1379537"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.11.003","article-title":"Immunopathological insights into villitis of unknown etiology on the basis of transplant immunology","volume":"131","author":"Damas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2015-0225-CC","article-title":"Sampling and Definitions of Placental Lesions: Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement","volume":"140","author":"Khong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"26","article-title":"A series of rare chronic histiocytic intervillositis cases and its association with fetal growth restriction","volume":"3","author":"Sabra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.11.014","article-title":"The severity of chronic histiocytic intervillositis is associated with gestational age and fetal weight","volume":"131","author":"Bos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregori, S., Amodio, G., Quattrone, F., and Panina-Bordignon, P. (2015). HLA-G Orchestrates the Early Interaction of Human Trophoblasts with the Maternal Niche. Front. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00128"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, C.A., Williams, C., Batra, G., Church, E., Tower, C.L., Crocker, I.P., and Heazell, A.E.P. (2021). Immunomodulatory Therapy Reduces the Severity of Placental Lesions in Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.753220"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.06.051","article-title":"Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis: Manifestation of Placental Alloantibody-Mediated Rejection","volume":"225","author":"Benachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.12.004","article-title":"Specific infiltration pattern of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in chronic histiocytic intervillositis of unknown etiology","volume":"34","author":"Capuani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13373","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13373","article-title":"Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis: A Breakdown in Immune Tolerance Comparable to Allograft Rejection?","volume":"85","author":"Brady","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(87)90019-1","article-title":"Chronic Villitis of Unknown Aetiology in Recurrent Intrauterine Fetal Growth Retardation","volume":"8","author":"Labarrere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.07.291","article-title":"Platelet Alloimmunization is Associated with Low Grade Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis\u2014A New Link to a Rare Placental Lesion?","volume":"112","author":"Nedberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0639-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 can infect the placenta and is not associated with specific placental histopathology: A series of 19 placentas from COVID-19-positive mothers","volume":"33","author":"Hecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(93)90038-J","article-title":"Phenotypic characteristics of lymphocyte populations isolated from middle gestation human placenta","volume":"25","author":"Erbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Lopez, G.E., Vazquez, J., Sun, Y., Chavarria, M., Lindner, P.N., Fredrickson, S., Karst, N., and Stanic, A.K. (2018). Decidual-Placental Immune Landscape During Syngeneic Murine Pregnancy. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02087"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.07.007","article-title":"Distribution of CD14+ and CD68+ macrophages in the placental bed and basal plate of women with preeclampsia and preterm labor","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/10935266241291107","article-title":"CD163 Expression in Chronic Intervillositis of Unknown Etiology and SARS-CoV-2 Placentitis","volume":"28","author":"Terry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radan, A.P., Renz, P., Raio, L., Villiger, A.-S., Haesler, V., Trippel, M., and Surbek, D. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the placenta after maternal infection during pregnancy. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1439181"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strahler, L., Horky, A., Spahn, S., Bahlmann, F., and Gradhand, E. (2024). Unveiling Clinical Relevance: Investigating Placentas Submitted for Histological Examination and Their Correlation with Clinical Indications and Histological Findings. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14080927"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/3024\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:11:30Z","timestamp":1774537890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/3024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27073024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27073024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]}}}