{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:58:47Z","timestamp":1793134727718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis (PD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are two prevalent chronic conditions with substantial public health burdens worldwide. While traditionally studied separately, increasing evidence reveals a complex interplay between PD and AF, mediated primarily by shared inflammatory and immune mechanisms. Chronic periodontal inflammation can trigger systemic immune activation, leading to atrial structural remodeling, fibrosis, and electrical disturbances that predispose individuals to AF. Observational and longitudinal studies consistently demonstrate a higher incidence and recurrence of AF in patients with moderate to severe PD, independent of established cardiovascular risk factors. Key periodontal pathogens, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, and altered immune cell profiles are implicated in this association, further supported by genetic analyses revealing common molecular pathways. Mechanistic insights from experimental models highlight the role of inflammation-related atrial fibrosis and immune dysregulation as critical drivers linking oral disease to arrhythmogenesis. Additionally, better oral hygiene practices and periodontal treatment have been associated with a reduced risk of AF, suggesting modifiable intervention potential. This review synthesizes current clinical, epidemiological, molecular, and experimental evidence to elucidate the PD\u2013AF relationship, emphasizing periodontal health as a promising target in cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1774858956000},"page":"3082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Interplay Between Periodontitis and Atrial Fibrillation: Inflammation as a Common Pathophysiological Bridge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4666-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Caprino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6184-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Filardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Coscarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amerigo","family":"Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, School of Dentistry, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Chiarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Di Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316340","article-title":"Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in the 21st Century: Novel Methods and New Insights","volume":"127","author":"Kornej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention","volume":"11","author":"Nazir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Struppek, J., Schnabel, R.B., Walther, C., Heydecke, G., Seedorf, U., Lamprecht, R., Smeets, R., Borof, K., Zeller, T., and Beikler, T. (2021). Periodontitis, dental plaque, and atrial fibrillation in the Hamburg City Health Study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259652"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09161","article-title":"Association between oral health and atrial fibrillation: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Leelapatana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.08.018","article-title":"Relationship Between Periodontitis and Atrial Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation: Histological Evaluation of Left Atrial Appendages","volume":"9","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13192","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis reveals the potential common genes and immune characteristics between atrial fibrillation and periodontitis","volume":"59","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57881-7","article-title":"Risk of post-operative bleeding after dentoalveolar surgery in patients taking anticoagulants: A cohort study using the common data model","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.12921","article-title":"Periodontal disease and risk of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Leelaviwat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-H., Lee, H., Kim, J.-W., and Song, T.-J. (2023). Association between periodontal disease status and risk of atrial fibrillation: A nationwide population-based cohort study. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03165-x"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750981","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1750981","article-title":"Effects of Oral Inflammatory Diseases and Oral Hygiene on Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review","volume":"2023","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.01.009","article-title":"Periodontal Disease, Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke","volume":"235","author":"Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D.-Y., Lin, C.-H., Chen, Y.-M., and Chen, H.-H. (2016). Risk of Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter Associated with Periodontitis: A Nationwide, Population-Based, Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165601"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.33393\/dti.2023.2510","article-title":"Association between cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease: More than what meets the eye","volume":"17","author":"Shetty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Target Insights"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surma, S., and Lip, G.Y.H. (2025). Periodontitis and Atrial Fibrillation. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., zwaf626.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf626"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005119","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study","volume":"129","author":"Chugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab648","article-title":"Corrigendum to: 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000665","article-title":"AHA\/ACC\/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society in Collaboration with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons","volume":"140","author":"January","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X.-N., and Lou, X.-Y. (2025). Association of periodontal disease with risk atrial fibrillation: Systematic review. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07135-3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashiro, A., Yonetsu, T., Aoyama, N., Shiheido-Watanabe, Y., Niida, T., Miyazaki, S., Maejima, Y., Goya, M., Isobe, M., and Iwata, T. (2023). Periodontitis was associated with worse clinical outcomes after catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1061243"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.09.013","article-title":"Is Periodontitis a Modifiable Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation Substrate?","volume":"9","author":"Goette","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000797","article-title":"Patients with periodontitis are at a higher risk of stroke: A Taiwanese cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2024.07.009","article-title":"From gingiva to multiple organs in mice: The trace of Porphyromonas gingivalis via in vivo imaging","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeae194","article-title":"Determinants of invasive left atrial pressure in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"25","author":"Bonelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Tang, Z., Hu, R., Gu, M., and Yang, Y. (2023). Ageing and Inflammation: What Happens in Periodontium?. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111274"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13574-3","article-title":"Signature of oral microbial dysbiosis in different periodontitis risk levels","volume":"109","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00247-y","article-title":"Periodontitis associates with species-specific gene expression of the oral microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Constancias","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","article-title":"Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition","volume":"89","author":"Tonetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x","article-title":"Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque","volume":"25","author":"Socransky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, G.V.O., Mosley, G.A., Ross, W., Dagher, A., Martins, B.G.D.S., and Fernandes, J.C.H. (2024). Revisiting Socransky\u2019s Complexes: A Review Suggesting Updated New Bacterial Clusters (GF-MoR Complexes) for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.1812.v1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00331.x","article-title":"Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans: A triple A* periodontopathogen?","volume":"54","author":"Henderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01080.x","article-title":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as indicator for aggressive periodontitis by two analysing strategies","volume":"34","author":"Schacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.14904","article-title":"Synergistic antibacterial activity of herbal extracts with antibiotics on bacteria responsible for periodontitis","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2381","article-title":"Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell-cell distance","volume":"8","author":"Kolenbrander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dyke, T.E., Bartold, P.M., and Reynolds, E.C. (2020). The Nexus Between Periodontal Inflammation and Dysbiosis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00511"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14952","article-title":"Periodontitis and the outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation: Porphyromonas gingivalis is related to atrial fibrillation recurrence","volume":"32","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106301","article-title":"Assessment of Serum IgG Titers to Various Periodontal Pathogens Associated with Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Stroke Patients","volume":"31","author":"Nezu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12304","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the association between periodontitis and atherosclerotic disease","volume":"83","author":"Schenkein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa, M., Prada-L\u00f3pez, I., \u00c1lvarez, M., Amaral, B., de los Angeles, C.D., and Tom\u00e1s, I. (2015). Post-tooth extraction bacteraemia: A randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of chlorhexidine prophylaxis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124249"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124263","article-title":"Active targeting microemulsion-based thermosensitive hydrogel against periodontitis by reconstructing Th17\/Treg homeostasis via regulating ROS-macrophages polarization cascade","volume":"659","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12421","article-title":"Maladaptive trained immunity and clonal hematopoiesis as potential mechanistic links between periodontitis and inflammatory comorbidities","volume":"89","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13158","article-title":"Roles of trained immunity in the pathogenesis of periodontitis","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06363-9","article-title":"Bacterial translocation signatures and subgingival microbiome in individuals with periodontitis","volume":"29","author":"Britos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01496.x","article-title":"Detection of periodontal bacterial DNA in serum and synovial fluid in refractory rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"36","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.11-S.2106","article-title":"Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis","volume":"76","author":"Loos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.12.001","article-title":"Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease","volume":"42","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2024.09.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and atrial fibrillation","volume":"196","author":"Pfenniger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s11","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.159178","article-title":"Oxidative stress and platelets","volume":"28","author":"Freedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emerging biomarkers forcardiac arrhythmias","volume":"75","author":"Namdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2022.12.004","article-title":"Fir(e)ing the Rhythm: Inflammatory Cytokines and Cardiac Arrhythmias","volume":"8","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2021.09","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation and Oral Health","volume":"10","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.04.063","article-title":"Inflammation in atrial fibrillation","volume":"60","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.19102\/icrm.2022.13125","article-title":"The Role of Major Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"13","author":"Rafaqat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innov. Card. Rhythm Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.08.060","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to human atrial remodeling during atrial fibrillation","volume":"43","author":"Nakano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalogeropoulos, A.S., Tsiodras, S., Rigopoulos, A.G., Sakadakis, E.A., Triantafyllis, A., Kremastinos, D.T., and Rizos, I. (2011). Novel association patterns of cardiac remodeling markers in patients with essential hypertension and atrial fibrillation. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-11-77"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-013-9471-2","article-title":"Plasma profiles of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of the metalloproteinases predict recurrence of atrial fibrillation following cardioversion","volume":"6","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272864","article-title":"Potassium channels in the heart:structure, function and regulation","volume":"595","author":"Grandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinelli, V., Laurino, A., Balducci, V., Gencarelli, M., Ruzzolini, J., Nediani, C., Mandoli, G.E., Cameli, M., Sacconi, L., and Sartiani, L. (2024). Interleukin-6 modulates the expressionand function of HCN channels: A link between inflammation and atrial electrogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4777326"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12681","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12681","article-title":"Altered physiological functions and ion currents in atrial fibroblasts from patients with chronic atrial fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Poulet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-024-01145-z","article-title":"Pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and genetics of atrial fibrillation","volume":"38","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, H.H., Thu, A., Twayana, A.R., Fuertes, A., Gonzalez, M., Basta, M., James, M., Mehta, K.A., Elias, D., and Figaro, Y.M. (2025). Inflammation-Driven Arrhythmias: Bridging Immunology and Electrophysiology. Cardiol. Rev., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000001120"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.323656","article-title":"The emerging field of cardioimmunology: Past, present and foreseeable future","volume":"134","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakasis, P., Pamporis, K., Theofilis, P., Milaras, N., Vlachakis, P.K., Grigoriou, K., Patoulias, D., Karamitsos, T., Antoniadis, A.P., and Fragakis, N. (2025). Inflammasome Signaling in Cardiac Arrhythmias: Linking Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Electrical Remodeling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26135954"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goette, A., and Lenticel, U. (2021). Atrial cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and clinical consequences. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102605"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libby, P. (2021). Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease: The Inflammasome, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 and Beyond. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040951"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11282","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117765109","article-title":"Critical Role for Calcium Mobilization in Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"109","author":"Murakami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.09.010","article-title":"The Role of Mitochondria in NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.083923","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Markers Are Associated with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"53","author":"Neuman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.12.026","article-title":"The Role of Pro-Fibrotic Biomarkers in Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"103","author":"Stanciu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02089.x","article-title":"Electroanatomic properties of the pulmonary veins: Slowed conduction, low voltage and altered refractoriness in AF patients","volume":"22","author":"The","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.737023","article-title":"Pulmonary vein region ablation in experimental vagal atrial fibrillation: Role of pulmonary veins versus autonomic ganglia","volume":"117","author":"Lemola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.046417","article-title":"Cellular electrophysiology of canine pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes: Action potential and ionic current properties","volume":"551","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303772","article-title":"Role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation: Pathophysiology and therapy","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-017-1376-1","article-title":"Chronic loss of inhibitor-1 diminishes cardiac RyR2 phosphorylation despite exaggerated CaMKII activity","volume":"390","author":"Neef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeb. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.10.016","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart: Role of CaMKII","volume":"48","author":"Grimm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy011","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of stress kinase JNK2 in proarrhythmic CaMKIIdelta expression in the aged atrium","volume":"114","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312536","article-title":"Stress Signaling JNK2 Crosstalk with CaMKII Underlies Enhanced Atrial Arrhythmogenesis","volume":"122","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2019.08.006","article-title":"Tachycardia-induced CD44\/NOX4 signaling is involved in the development of atrial remodeling","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1940","article-title":"Calmodulin kinase II-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak promotes atrial fibrillation in mice","volume":"119","author":"Chelu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.2","article-title":"Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142548","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142548","article-title":"miR-181b targets semaphorin 3A to mediate TGF-\u03b2\u2013induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition related to atrial fibrillation","volume":"132","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22475","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200406RR","article-title":"Extracellular HSP90\u03b1 promotes cellular senescence by modulating TGF-\u03b2 signaling in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"36","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13200","article-title":"NOX4 regulates TGF\u03b2-induced proliferation and self-renewal in glioblastoma stem cells","volume":"16","author":"Dadras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2025.02.004","article-title":"Fibroblast-Restricted Inflammasome Activation Promotes Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure with Diastolic Dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.12.001","article-title":"The Duration of the Amplified Sinus-P-Wave Identifies Presence of Left Atrial Low Voltage Substrate and Predicts Outcome After Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Jadidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.09.238","article-title":"Salvianolate reduces atrial fibrillation through suppressing atrial interstitial fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-beta1\/Smad2\/3 and TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways in post-MI rats","volume":"51","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.03.002","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"3","author":"Nattel","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw012","article-title":"Compromised redox homeostasis, altered nitroso-redox balance, and therapeutic possibilities in atrial fibrillation","volume":"109","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000530288","article-title":"Role of Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines in Organ Fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316363","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology and Therapy: A Translational Perspective","volume":"127","author":"Nattel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2017.02.010","article-title":"Human Connexin40 Mutations Slow Conduction and Increase Propensity for Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"27","author":"Kanthan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011006","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011006","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation Rapidly Induces Reversible Atrial Electrical Remodeling: The Role of Interleukin-6-Mediated Changes in Connexin Expression","volume":"8","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pogoda, K., Kameritsch, P., Retamal, M.A., and Vega, J.L. (2016). Regulation of gap junction channels and hemichannels by phosphorylation and redox changes: A revision. BMC Cell Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-016-0099-3"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, A.O., Lip, G.Y.H., Bisson, A., Herbert, J., Bodin, A., Fauchier, L., and Harris, R.V. (2021). Acute dental periapical abscess and new-onset atrial fibrillation: A nationwide, population-based cohort study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132927"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033740","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033740","article-title":"Periodontal Treatment During the Blanking Period Improves the Outcome of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation","volume":"13","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/3082\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:20:56Z","timestamp":1775017256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/7\/3082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27073082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27073082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]}}}