{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:35:26Z","timestamp":1790922926227,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance among bacteria represents a major challenge in modern medicine. The absence of antibiotics effective against multidrug-resistant pathogens triggers interest in reviving older antibiotics. This review aims to provide a focused and updated perspective on the reintroduction of polymyxin antibiotics, with a particular emphasis on colistin, a cyclic oligopeptide initially used in the 1950s and 1960s. We analyze colistin from multiple perspectives, including (i) its historical and contemporary clinical applications, (ii) pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and (iii) use in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. Key unresolved issues are highlighted, such as colistin toxicity, challenges in susceptibility testing, the emergence of resistance, including the mcr gene variants, and inconsistent clinical evidence supporting combination therapy. By integrating historical background with current data, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic relevance, limitations, and ongoing challenges associated with colistin in the era of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1774858956000},"page":"3115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Perspectives on Colistin\u2014An Old Antibiotic with Renewed Relevance in Modern Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7967-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioleta","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Bialystok, 1K Cio\u0142kowski Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 1J Cio\u0142kowski Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Swiecicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 1J Cio\u0142kowski Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 1J Cio\u0142kowski Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1754133","article-title":"Colistin and its role in the Era of antibiotic resistance: An extended review (2000\u20132019)","volume":"9","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. 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