{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:39Z","timestamp":1787028579926,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1183032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1183032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2020633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2020633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GNT1183032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1183032"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GNT2020633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2020633"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DA055489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA055489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R21DA055489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA055489"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fq5cm18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART), reservoirs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) persist in anatomical compartments throughout the body, including the brain. We have previously demonstrated that the HIV long terminal repeats (LTRs) isolated from the brains of non-virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH) are phylogenetically and functionally distinct from those isolated from matched peripheral tissue. While intact, transcriptionally competent HIV genomes persist within the brains of virally suppressed PWH, whether HIV LTRs are intact, functional, and compartmentalized relative to the periphery, as in non-virally suppressed PWH, remains unclear. HIV LTRs were extracted from frontal cortex post-mortem brain and matched peripheral tissues of virally suppressed PWH (n = 5). Following single-genome amplification, sequences were phylogenetically analyzed and transcriptional activity was assessed. In contrast to non-virally suppressed PWH, LTR sequences failed to compartmentalize between the brain and peripheral compartments. Identical LTR sequences were observed across brain and peripheral tissues in 2\/5 PWH. While the LTRs remain transcriptionally active, mutations, insertions and deletions predicted to reduce transcription factor binding affinity at key binding sites, including C\/EBP, NF-\u03baB, and Sp1 sites, were observed and found to result in reduced basal transcriptional activity. The role of these mutations in latency and viral persistence remains unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:34:08Z","timestamp":1774974848000},"page":"3185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["HIV Promoters Isolated from Brain and Peripheral Tissue of Virally Suppressed PWH Are Phylogenetically and Functionally Similar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Janna","family":"Jamal Eddine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0736-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily K.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Byrnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trisha A.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narin","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Hearps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2069-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Angelovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Churchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATRACT Leading Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e629","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac658","article-title":"Declining Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\u2013Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Recent Years and Associated Factors in a Large Cohort of Antiretroviral Therapy\u2013Treated Individuals With HIV","volume":"76","author":"Mastrorosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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