{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:08:35Z","timestamp":1793236115053,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological heterogeneity among different breast cancer (BC) subtypes results in markedly varying clinical outcomes. Identification and analysis of key gene biomarkers that are differentially regulated during radiation therapy (RT) may pose multiple clinical challenges for BC treatment. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the expression of key gene biomarkers and their networks that are differentially regulated after hypofractionated RT. Patients with BC (cT0-T2, N0, M0) were treated with hypofractionated whole breast RT 25 Gy in five fractions, 4 to 8 weeks before breast conservation surgery (BCS). Biopsy (pre-RT; n = 5) and surgical (post-RT; n = 14 or 15) BC tumor samples were used for NanoString targeted sequencing. We identified 165 and 244 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; p &lt; 0.05) in BC tumor samples from BC patients post-RT using the nCounter BC360 and IO360 panels, respectively. Gene networks and pathway analysis revealed that RT increases the gene signature of tumor inflammation (TIS), cytotoxicity, and apoptosis, while downregulating the gene signatures of tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell adhesion, and increases the claudin-low gene score. RT-induced mammary stemness and enhanced infiltration of stroma, mast, and macrophage cells in the BC tumor microenvironment (TME). Further, the nCounter IO360 (immuno-oncology) panel analysis validated the findings of BC360 and demonstrated that RT increased the myeloid inflammation signature and chemokine expression, modulated B, T, NK, and DC cell activities, and enhanced residual cancer burden (RCB) in BC tumors, thus creating an immunosuppressive TME. Collectively, RT sensitized BC tumors by increasing the gene signature of TIS, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and mammary stemness. RT facilitated an immunosuppressive environment and increased RCB, suggesting that the therapeutic potential of RT is highly individualized for each patient based on their unique tumor biology, genetic makeup, and TME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:51:03Z","timestamp":1775130663000},"page":"3227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization of Oncogenic and Immunogenic Profiling in Patients with Breast Cancer Tumors After Radiation Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9503-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suryakant","family":"Niture","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saranya","family":"Chumsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Kachergus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeepkumar","family":"Sriramanujam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Thotala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Jaboin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danushka","family":"Seneviratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"},{"name":"Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma University, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2021.12.009","article-title":"Unmet challenges in systemic therapy for early stage breast cancer","volume":"62","author":"Burstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15182","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14858","article-title":"High-dose radiotherapy is associated with better local control of bone metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.04.010","article-title":"Impact of Radiation Therapy Modalities on Loco-regional Control in Inflammatory Breast Cancer","volume":"120","author":"Kirova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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