{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:01:07Z","timestamp":1775538067696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026A1515011295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026A1515011295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials","award":["sklapm2025-3-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["sklapm2025-3-16"]}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology","award":["2024PlantKF03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024PlantKF03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liraglutide (Lira), a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has demonstrated substantial efficacy in improving glycemic control and reducing body weight. However, subcutaneous injection is poorly adherent for patients. To improve treatment compliance, we developed a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanovesicle (PLGA-Lira-NV) system for the oral delivery of Lira using a double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The optimized formulation yielded a narrow size distribution and high encapsulation efficiency (&gt;95%). In vitro release studies showed that PLGA-Lira-NVs remained relatively stable under acidic conditions (pH 1.2 to 6.8) and exhibited sustained drug release in a neutral environment (pH 7.4), enabling protection of the fragile peptide in the stomach and controlled release after crossing the intestine. Following oral administration to obese mice (10 mg\/kg), PLGA-Lira-NVs achieved prolonged glycemic control for up to 72 h. Notably, body weight decreased to 83% of baseline after 12 days, outperforming the subcutaneous injection (free Lira) group (88%). The consistent trend toward weight reduction confirms the sustained-release properties of PLGA nanocarrier for Lira, highlighting its potential to reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance. Collectively, these findings underscore the promising potential of PLGA nanovesicles as an oral delivery platform for peptide therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1775441181000},"page":"3300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral Delivery of Liraglutide Formulated with PLGA for Sustained Obesity Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PCFM Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PCFM Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PCFM Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5760-7055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PCFM Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PCFM Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116186","article-title":"Preserved Incretin Activity of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 [7-36 Amide] but Not of Synthetic Human Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"91","author":"Nauck","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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