{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:09:59Z","timestamp":1785409799607,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INPer-2017-2-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INPer-2017-2-101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["INPer-2017-2-101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INPer-2017-2-101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ctdh943","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CONACYT","award":["CONACYT SALUD-2018-01-A3-S-40575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT SALUD-2018-01-A3-S-40575"]}]},{"award":["CONACYT SALUD-2018-01-A3-S-40575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT SALUD-2018-01-A3-S-40575"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight (BW) have a multifactorial etiology, which makes identifying the most influential determinants difficult. The association between variants of the FTO and LEPR genes has been explored as contributing factors to obesity in various age groups; however, their role in GWG and BW in adolescent mothers and their offspring is uncertain. To determine whether the presence of polymorphisms rs9939609 (FTO) and rs1137101 (LEPR) is associated with gestational weight gain and newborn weight in a cohort of adolescent mothers. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 305 mother-child dyads was conducted between 2020 and 2024. Genotyping of the single nucleotide variants (SNVs) rs9939609 of the FTO gene and rs1137101 of the LEPR gene was performed using real-time PCR and high-resolution melting analysis (qPCR-HRM), using maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood samples. GWG, BW, energy intake, and other perinatal data were recorded and classified. Genetic data from 305 mother\u2013offspring dyads were analyzed. The median maternal age was 16 years, and 71.4% had a normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). The most frequent genotypes were TT for FTO rs9939609 and AG for LEPR rs1137101. In both groups, the genotypic distribution significantly deviated from Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium (p &lt; 0.0001). The AA genotype of FTO was associated with a higher probability of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) after adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI and dietary and sociodemographic factors. High protein and lipid intake increased the risk of excessive GWG, whereas adequate intake of carbohydrates and legumes showed a protective effect. An initial significant association was identified between the LEPR rs1137101 variant (AA allele) and low birth weight (LBW); however, this association was lost after adjustment for confounding factors. The FTO rs9939609 variant was significantly associated with GWG. On the other hand, the LEPR rs1137101 variant in the offspring showed an association with BW categorized by percentiles (in crude analysis), while the FTO variant showed no relationship with birth weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T12:01:52Z","timestamp":1775822512000},"page":"3413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of FTO rs9939609 and LEPR rs1137101 Genetic Variants in Gestational Weight Gain and Neonatal Weight Among Pregnant Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-1363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyna","family":"S\u00e1mano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rojano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2741-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"D\u00edaz-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma Elo\u00edsa","family":"Monroy-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Reproductiva Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5741-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Chico-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Mendoza-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Nutrici\u00f3n y Bioprogramaci\u00f3n Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7701-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Borboa-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Zaga-Clavellina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9102-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Mexico City C.P. 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1188-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa Daniela","family":"Gonzalez-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Reproductiva Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Felipe-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tococirug\u00eda y Urgencias Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalba","family":"Sevilla-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Gen\u00e9tica y Genomica Humana Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1204-3860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Desarrollo Celular Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, K.D., Rosado, E.L., da Fonseca, A.C.P., Belfort, G.P., da Silva, L.B.G., Ribeiro-Alves, M., Zembrzuski, V.M., Mart\u00ednez, J.A., and Saunders, C. (2022). FTO and ADRB2 Genetic Polymorphisms Are Risk Factors for Earlier Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in Pregnant Women with Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results of a Randomized Nutrigenetic Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051050"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000541205","article-title":"Nutrition during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes","volume":"81","author":"Perumal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01290.x","article-title":"The impact of early age at first childbirth on maternal and infant health","volume":"26","author":"Gibbs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF-2004) (2025, March 03). Low Birthweight: Country, Regional and Global Estimates, Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/43184."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12288","article-title":"Risks associated with obesity in pregnancy, for the mother and baby: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"16","author":"Marchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chico-Barba, G., S\u00e1mano, R., Mart\u00ednez-Rojano, H., Morales-Hern\u00e1ndez, R.M., Barrientos-Galeana, E., Luna-Hidalgo, A., Kaufer-Horwitz, M., Obrador, G.T., and Villa-Romero, A.R. (2024). Total Gestational Weight Gain Is Explained by Leptin and Body Fat, Regardless of Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Other Adipokines, in Mexican Adolescents. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132147"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00264-9","article-title":"Obesity: Pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions","volume":"6","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara-Ram\u00edrez, P., Cadena-Ullauri, S., Ruiz-Pozo, V.A., Tamayo-Trujillo, R., Paz-Cruz, E., Simancas-Racines, D., and Zambrano, A.K. (2022). Genetics, genomics, and diet interactions in obesity in the Latin American environment. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1063286"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513000147","article-title":"The impact of obesity-related SNP on appetite and energy intake","volume":"110","author":"Dougkas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.07.016","article-title":"Association of homozygous fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO rs9939609) gene with body mass, body mass index (BMI), and the binge eating scale in women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"69","author":"Andrade","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, N., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Pu, S., Xi, H., Nie, X., Liu, J., and Yuan, W. (2020). FTO\u2014A Common Genetic Basis for Obesity and Cancer. Front. Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.559138"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5551","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005551","article-title":"The FTO rs9939609 and LEPR rs1137101 mothers-newborns gene polymorphisms and maternal fat mass index effects on anthropometric characteristics in newborns: A cross-sectional study on mothers-newborns gene polymorphisms-The FTO-LEPR Study (STROBE-compliant article)","volume":"95","author":"Iancu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00266-z","article-title":"The transcriptome-wide association search for genes and genetic variants, which associate with BMI and gestational weight, gain in women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Seweryn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Morales, L.\u00c1. (2021). Asociaci\u00f3n de los SNPs en los Genes FTO (RS9939609, rs9930506) y LEPR (RS1137101) Con Sobrepeso y Obesidad en Mujeres Embarazadas y Sus Reci\u00e9n Nacidos Atendidos en un Hospital Universitario. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n]. Available online: http:\/\/eprints.uanl.mx\/21371\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahabi, H., Elmorshedy, H., Amer, Y.S., Saeed, E., Razak, A., Hamama, I.A., Hadid, A., Ahmed, S., Aleban, S.A., and Aldawish, R.A. (2024). Neonatal Birthweight Spectrum: Maternal Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcomes in Saudi Arabia. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020193"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2025.101273","article-title":"Birth weight, cardiovascular health, and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal perspective from the UK biobank cohort","volume":"23","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2377","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4221","article-title":"Genetic risk score for prediction of newborn adiposity and large-for-gestational-age birth","volume":"99","author":"Chawla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2025, October 06). rs9939609 RefSNP Report\u2014dbSNP\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/snp\/rs9939609."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepulveda-Villegas, M., Panduro, A., Leal-Mercado, L., Cardenas-Benitez, J.P., Ojeda-Granados, C., and Roman, S. (2025). The fat-mass and obesity-associated gene rs9939609 T allele is prominent among the native Mexican population and is associated with risk for Type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1569342"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2025, April 30). rs1137101 RefSNP Report\u2014dbSNP\u2014NCBI, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/snp\/rs1137101#flanks."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2","article-title":"Identification of the FTO gene variant rs9939609 in young Sundanese women with excess body fat","volume":"45","author":"Rimbawan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Cl\u00ednica Diet\u00e9tica Hosp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2022). Could Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium bring conclusive results in studies that link genetic markers and risk of disease development? Comment on \u201cGenotype frequencies and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium on rs9939609 FTO and rs17782313MC4R: Implications for statistical associations to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents\u201d. Nutrition, 103\u2013104, 111792.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111792"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"evad066","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evad066","article-title":"The Impact of Modern Admixture on Archaic Human Ancestry in Human Populations","volume":"15","author":"Witt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03343-2","article-title":"Genomic reproducibility in the bioinformatics era","volume":"25","author":"Baykal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2022.12.011","article-title":"15 years of GWAS discovery: Realizing the promise","volume":"110","author":"Abdellaoui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502214","article-title":"FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans","volume":"373","author":"Claussnitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13138","article-title":"Obesity-associated variants within FTO form long-range functional connections with IRX3","volume":"507","author":"Smemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darling, A.M., Wang, D., Perumal, N., Liu, E., Wang, M., Ahmed, T., Christian, P., Dewey, K.G., Kac, G., and Kennedy, S.H. (2023). Risk factors for inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain in 25 low- and middle-income countries: An individual-level participant meta-analysis. PLoS Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004236"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J.C., Wang, D., Wang, M., Liu, E., Partap, U., Cliffer, I., and Fawzi, W.W. (2024). Gestational weight gain at the national, regional, and income group levels based on 234 national household surveys from 70 low-income and middle-income countries. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003484"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0267","article-title":"Polymorphisms FTO rs9939609, PPARG rs1801282 and ADIPOQ rs4632532 and rs182052 but not lifestyle are associated with obesity related traits in Mexican children","volume":"39","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00510","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.510","article-title":"Genetic Variants in the Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene and Risk of Obesity\/Overweight in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Eghbali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villalobos-Compar\u00e1n, M., Antuna-Puente, B., Villarreal-Molina, M.T., Canizales-Quinteros, S., Vel\u00e1zquez-Cruz, R., Le\u00f3n-Mimila, P., Villamil-Ram\u00edrez, H., Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrios, J.A., Merino-Garc\u00eda, J.L., and Thompson-Bonilla, M.R. (2017). Interaction between FTO rs9939609 and the Native American-origin ABCA1 rs9282541 affects BMI in the admixed Mexican population. BMC Med. Genet., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-017-0410-y"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1mano, R., Mart\u00ednez-Rojano, H., Chico-Barba, G., Gamboa, R., Mendoza-Flores, M.E., Robles-Alarc\u00f3n, F.J., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez, I., and Monroy-Mu\u00f1oz, I.E. (2024). Gestational Weight Gain: Is the Role of Genetic Variants a Determinant? A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053039"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.09.381","article-title":"Occurrence of rs9939609 polymorphism of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene in adult pregnant women and its relationship with gestational weight gain","volume":"58","author":"Melo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.04.009","article-title":"Association of the FTO (rs9939609) and MC4R (rs17782313) gene polymorphisms with maternal body weight during pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.11.008","article-title":"Obesity candidate genes, gestational weight gain, and body weight changes in pregnant women","volume":"48","author":"Groth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"115","article-title":"Threatened abortion and gestational diabetes cases in Mexican pregnant women does not change with the FTO rs9939609 presence","volume":"14","author":"Camarillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Armen. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.122537.3","article-title":"Association of Leptin and Leptin receptor Gene polymorphisms with Insulin resistance in pregnant women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Adiga","year":"2025","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, N., Allemann, N., Marek, D., Vollenweider, P., Waeber, G., Mooser, V., Egger, M., and Bochud, M. (2011). Association between variants of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) and overweight: A systematic review and an analysis of the CoLaus study. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026157"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01896-1","article-title":"Association of fetal FTO gene variants with maternal postload glucose levels in pregnancy","volume":"49","author":"Firneisz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haller, S., Spiegler, J., Hemmelmann, C., K\u00fcster, H., Vochem, M., M\u00f6ller, J., M\u00fcller, D., Kribs, A., Hoehn, T., and H\u00e4rtel, C. (2013). Polymorphisms in FTO and MAF Genes and Birth Weight, BMI, Ponderal Index, Weight Gain in a Large Cohort of Infants with a Birth Weight below 1500 Grams. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066331"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00911-8","article-title":"Association of ADIPOQ-rs2241766 and FTO-rs9939609 genetic variants with body mass index trajectory in women of reproductive age over 6 years of follow-up: The PREDI study","volume":"76","author":"Kroll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.04.014","article-title":"Studies on the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and its impact on obesity-associated diseases","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27213","article-title":"Meta-analysis investigating the impact of the LEPR rs1137101 (A>G) polymorphism on obesity risk in Asian and Caucasian ethnicities","volume":"10","author":"Supti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"18","article-title":"Nutritional genomics in the Mexican population. An approach to prevent the development of obesity-associated metabolic diseases","volume":"161","author":"Tejero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.12.031","article-title":"Genetic risk score for gestational weight gain","volume":"294","author":"Zuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2024.01.001","article-title":"Associations Between rs9939609 FTO Polymorphism with Nutrient and Food Intake and Adherence to Dietary Patterns in an Urban Argentinian Population","volume":"124","author":"Olmedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.07.010","article-title":"Dietary fat intake modifies the influence of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in adolescents: The HELENA cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Labayen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, A.D.S., Ribeiro-Silva, R.D.C., Costa, G.N.d.O., Figueiredo, C.A., Rodrigues, L.C., Matos, S.M.A., Fiaccone, R.L., Oliveira, P.R., Alves-Santos, N.H., and Blanton, R.E. (2018). Food Consumption as a Modifier of the Association between LEPR Gene Variants and Excess Body Weight in Children and Adolescents: A Study of the SCAALA Cohort. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081117"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12927","article-title":"Excessive Gestational Weight Gain","volume":"64","author":"McDowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.02.002","article-title":"Gestational weight gain trajectories over pregnancy and their association with maternal diet quality: Results from the PRINCESA cohort","volume":"65","author":"Pasteris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-0725","article-title":"Associations of High BMI and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain with Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Atta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). Socioeconomic Level Index of the Mexican Association of Market Research and Public Opinion Agencies (AMAI) September 2014 AMAI Regulation NSE 8 \u00d7 7. Available online: https:\/\/www.amai.org\/descargas\/NOTA_METODOLOGICA_NSE_AMAI_2024_v6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rangel Bousquet Carrilho, T., MRasmussen, K., Rodrigues Farias, D., Freitas Costa, N.C., Ara\u00fajo Batalha, M., EReichenheim, M., OOhuma, E., Hutcheon, J.A., Kac, G., and Brazilian Maternal and Child Nutrition Consortium (2020). Agreement between self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and measured first-trimester weight in Brazilian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03354-4"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Standard Group (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards based on length\/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr., 450, 76\u201385.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.01.011","article-title":"The INTERGROWTH-21st fetal growth standards: Toward the global integration of pregnancy and pediatric care","volume":"218","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Gil, K., Cer\u00f3n-Albarr\u00e1n, J.A., Gonzalez-Fernandez, M.D., Sevilla-Montoya, R., Hidalgo-Bravo, A., Angeles-Mart\u00ednez, J., Montes-Herrera, D., Villavicencio-Carrisoza, O., Garc\u00eda-Romero, C.S., and Mu\u00f1oz-Medina, J.E. (2024). Association of Single-Nucleotide Variants in ACE2 with the Persistence of Positive qPCR Test for SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Professionals during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122560"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3413\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T04:23:27Z","timestamp":1775967807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/8\/3413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27083413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27083413","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}