{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:29:17Z","timestamp":1782016157456,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":277,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide. Triple-negative cancers have the worst prognosis, due to the low effectiveness of current therapies. In recent years, research has been conducted on the relationship between inflammatory process and the development of malignant tumors, including breast cancer. One of the elements influencing the inflammatory process is interleukins. These are small protein molecules belonging to the cytokine family that participate in the function of the human immune and hematopoietic systems. Interleukins are still being studied, and this is an area with significant knowledge gaps. More than 60 cytokines have been designated as interleukins over time, but not all of these designations are consistently used or universally accepted. In the available literature, we have only found information on 41. This is the first review to detail all 41 interleukins and their effects on breast cancer development. The review shows that interleukins affect the development of both locally advanced breast cancer and the development of distant metastases, mainly to the bones. Clinical trials are also underway in these areas: some have failed, and others are still ongoing. Due to the lack of success in the use of interleukins in the treatment of breast cancer, the latest strategies are based on combining several elements of the inflammatory process pathway occurring in breast cancer. This can probably bring us closer to therapeutic success in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T08:49:02Z","timestamp":1776070142000},"page":"3455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Literature Review of Interleukins in the Development and Treatment of Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Kra\u015bnicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry Street 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasza","family":"Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry Street 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry Street 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniela","family":"Stasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry Street 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Bia\u0142ow\u0105s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry Street 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Grzegorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry Street 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kolenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Implementation Unit, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Garbary Street 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Garbary Street 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Malicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary Street 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Marsza\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences and Greater Poland Cancer Center, Garbary Street 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"Janiczek-Polewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary Street 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Garbary Street 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748241236266","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748241236266","article-title":"Epidemiology of Breast, Corpus Uteri, and Ovarian Cancers in Lebanon With Emphasis on Breast Cancer Incidence Trends and Risk Factors Compared to Regional and Global Rates","volume":"31","author":"Lakkis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.11.016","article-title":"Early breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Loibl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. 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